Process inductively coupled plasma atomic emission

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

The metal content analysis of the samples was effected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES Varian Liberty II Instrument) after microwaves assisted mineralisation in hydrofluoric/hydrochloric acid mixture. Ultraviolet and visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) was carried out in the 200-900 nm range with a Lambda 40 Perkin Elmer spectrophotometer with a BaS04 reflection sphere. HF was used as a reference. Data processing was carried out with Microcal Origin 7.1 software. 

Brenner et al. [ 169] applied inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry to the determination of calcium (and sulfate) in brines. The principal advantage of the technique was that it avoided tedious matrix matching of calibration standards when sulfate was determined indirectly by flame techniques. It also avoided time-consuming sample handling when the samples were processed by the gravimetric method. The detection limit was 70 ig/l and a linear dynamic range of 1 g/1 was obtained for sulfate. 

All four dissolution procedures studied were found to be suitable for arsenic determinations in biological marine samples, but only one (potassium hydroxide fusion) yielded accurate results for antimony in marine sediments and only two (sodium hydroxide fusion or a nitricperchloric-hydrofluoric acid digestion in sealed Teflon vessels) were appropriate for determination of selenium in marine sediments. Thus, the development of a single procedure for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium (and perhaps other hydride-forming elements) in marine materials by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry requires careful consideration not only of the oxidation-reduction chemistry of these elements and its influence on the hydride generation process but also of the chemistry of dissolution of these elements. 

ASTM D-6357. Test Methods for Determination of Trace Elements in Coal, Coke, and Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass, and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometries. 

An EPA-approved procedure for the analysis of plutonium in water is listed in Table 6-2. In addition, the following ASTM standard methods relate to the measurement of plutonium in water D 3648, D 3084, D 3972, and D 1943 (ASTM 1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1987). Recent work has focused on more rapid analytical methods in order to determine monitor plutonium levels in waste process streams at nuclear facilities. For example, Edelson et al. (1986) have investigated the applications of inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-EAS) to routinely analyze water samples. 

Fundamentals. The composition of liquids with respect to both identity and concentration of dissolved species can be determined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) [972]. The employed spectrometer can be coupled directly with an electrochemical cell wherein processes like corrosion or anodic dissolution occur. Continuous aspiration of very small liquid volumes transferred into the spectrometer allows determination of rates of dissolution as a function of various experimental parameters like electrode potential [973]. 

The metal chelate LLE was much more common 25 years ago when it was the principal means to isolate and recover metal ions from aqueous samples of environmental interest. The complexes were quantitated using a visible spectrophotometer because most complexes were colored. A large literature exists on this subject (14). The technological advances in both atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy have significntly reduced the importance of metal chelate LLE to TEQA. However, metal chelate LLE becomes important in processes whereby selected metal ions can be easily removed from the aqueous phase. 

The production laboratory at the Herculaneum smelter performs quality analytical work for all the processes. The laboratory equipment includes a spark emission spectrophotometer, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, sulfur analysis equipment, and wet chemistry equipment. The laboratory conducts the analysis for all process materials, including sinter, blast furnace slag, lead bullion, all finished lead products, and environmental samples. 

Part III provides several conventional, environmental evaluation processes for surface finishing. In chapter The Necessity and Meaning , we describe the necessity and meaning of enviromnental evaluation for surface finishing. Also we discuss evaluation processes that have already been used. In chapter Frequently Used Evaluations for Effluents , the Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) and the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) are mainly described and discussed as conventional, but powerful analytical tools. In chapter Frequently Used Evaluations for Aerial and Solid Pollution , the conventional analyses for aerial and solid pollution are presented. These types of pollution have caused very serious problems. Therefore, various countermeasures have been devised for them. And even nowadays, new problems such as air pollutants called particulate matter are emerging. These air pollutants include solid particles and liquid droplets that come in various sizes. The small particles that are 2.5 pm or less are called PM2.5. In this chapter, we also focus oti gas chromatography/ion chromatography from the fundamental viewpoint. In chapter Dissolution Assay , the dissolution assay process is described. This type of analysis is used to measure the dissolution amounts and characteristics for many kinds of metal components of materials. 

Flame atomic absorption was until recently the most widely used techniques for trace metal analysis, reflecting its ease of use and relative freedom from interferences. Although now superceded in many laboratories by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry still is a very valid option for many applications. The sample, usually in solution, is sprayed into the flame following the generation of an aerosol by means of a nebulizer. The theory of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and details of the basic instrumentation required are described in a previous article. This article briefly reviews the nature of the flames employed in AAS, the specific requirements of the instrumentation for use with flame AAS, and the atomization processes that take place within the flame. An overview is given of possible interferences and various modifications that may provide some practical advantage over conventional flame cells. Finally, a number of application notes for common matrices are given. 

Field measurement of bulk soil lead by XRF instruments will typically require confirmation analysis through some randomly selected subset of further testing by some reference technique in the laboratory A AS, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), or ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Other methods are electrochemical in nature, such as ASV and differential pulse polarography. Many soil samples are processed and analyzed directly in the laboratory. 

The optics are aligned with the base of the plume where atomic relaxation is most prevalent. The emitted radiation from the ICP torch is focused into the monochromator and detected by a photomultiplier tube (PMT) or polychro-mator detector. The output is then processed and displayed under computer control as the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrum (ICP-AES). 

For PSM processes that involve introduction or exchange of metal centers, a range of spectroscopic techniques have been used to provide evidence of the metal centers and their environments. These include atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. ... 

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