Induced coupled plasma atomic emission

Fluorescence (XRF) and Induced Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results of the analyses are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. 

Characterization. The TPA concentration in the reaction mixtures was determined by Induced Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICPAES) carbon analysis, which was preceded by n-hexane extraction in order to remove tripropylamine. 

Other frequently used methods for determining fluoride include ion and gas chromatography [150,204,205] and aluminium monofluoride (AIF) molecular absorption spectrometry [206,207]. Less frequently employed methods include enzymatic [208], catalytic [209], polarographic [210] and voltammetric methods [211], helium microwave-induced [212] or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [213], electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry [214], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [215], radioactivation [216], proton-induced gamma emission [217], near-infrared spectroscopy [218] and neutron activation analysis [219]. 

Until now, little attention has been given to the analysis of ancient copper alloys with LA-ICP-MS. This type of material is usually analyzed with fast or instrumental neutron activation analysis (FNAA or INAA), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma-atomic absorption spectrometry (ICP-AES or ICP-AAS). Some of these techniques are destructive and involve extensive sample preparation, some measure only surface compositions, and some require access to a cyclotron or a reactor. LA-ICP-MS is riot affected by any of these inconveniences. We propose here an analytical protocol for copper alloys using LA-ICP-MS and present its application to the study of Matisse bronze sculptures. 

ICP-AES=inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry Mg(N03)3=magnesium nitrate MIBK=methylisobutyl ketone MS=mass spectrometry PIXE=proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry XRF=X-ray fluorescence analysis WM-AES=wavelength-modulated atomic emission spectrometry... 

Direct nebulization of an aqueous or organic phase containing extracted analytes has been widely used in flame atomic absorption spectroscopy [69-72], inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [73-76], microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry [77-80] and atomic fluorescence spectrometry [81], as well as to interface a separation step to a spectrometric detection [82-85]. 

XRD, X-ray diffraction XRF, X-ray fluorescence AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry ICP-MS, Inductively coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy IC, ion chromatography EPMA, electron probe microanalysis SEM, scanning electron microscope ESEM, environmental scanning electron microscope HRTEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy LAMMA, laser microprobe mass analysis XPS, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy RLMP, Raman laser microprobe analysis SHRIMP, sensitive high resolution ion microprobe. PIXE, proton-induced X-ray emission FTIR, Fourier transform infrared. 

An ultrasonic nebulizer has been designed and used for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [60] and microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry [61]. The apparatus is inexpensive and can be operated conveniently. Using this nebulizer, the detection limits of many elements, such as phosphorus, aluminum, and silver, were much reduced compared with the limits obtained using an aerodynamic nebulizer [62-64], The ultrasonic nebulizer was found to be suitable for samples which have a high salt concentration. 

GPC (total radioactive strontium) = beta gas proportional counter Bq = Becquerel dpm = disintegrations per minute EDTA = ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid GFAAS (total strontium) = graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy ICP-AES (total strontium) = inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ICP-MS (isotopic strontium composition) = inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry LSC (isotopic quanitification of 89Srand 90Sr) = liquid scintillation counting pCi = pico curies (10-12 curies) PIXE (total strontium) = proton induced x-ray emission TMAH = tetramethylammonium hydroxide TNA (total strontium) = thermal neutron activation and radiometric measurement TRXF (total strontium) = total-reflection x-ray fluorescence... 

X-ray spectroscopy Finally, X-ray fluorescence can be used to determine the elemental profile of inks and papers. Some techniques based on X-ray properties (particle-induced X-ray emission and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) have been applied to writing inks. Nevertheless, it was found that there were not enough variation between the different particles, present in ink formula, to help distinguish from each other. 

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was established as the most popular gas chromatography (GC) detection technique for lead speciation analysis in the first years of speciation studies. The increase of the residence time of the species in the flame using a ceramic tube inside the flame and, later, the use of electrically heated tubes, made out of graphite or quartz where electrothermal atomization was achieved, provided lower detection limits but still not sufficiently low. Later, the boom of plasma detectors, mainly microwave induced plasma atomic emission (MIP-AES) and, above all, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and mass spectrometry (ICP-AES and ICP-MS, respectively) allowed the sensitivity requirements for reliable organolead speciation analysis in environmental and biological samples (typically subfemtogram levels) to be achieved. These sensitivity requirements makes speciation analysis of organolead compounds by molecular detection techniques such as electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) a very difficult task and, therefore, the number of applications in the literature is very limited. 

The amounts of metallic impurities in HIPRESICA measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP) or atomic absorption analysis are shown in Table 8-2. Alkaline ions, especially sodium and potassium ions which cause decomposition of liquid crystal are less than 3 ppm. The amounts of the radioactive element which induces incorrect operation of an electric device, i.e., uranium and thorium, are below the detection limit of measurement equipment. 

GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES - also referred to as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are all routinely utilized in pharmaceutical applications. While there are other techniques of note available, such as micro-wave induced plasma (MIP) or direct coupled plasma (DCP), they have not been routinely used in the pharmaceutical industry, and will, therefore, not be discussed here. The theories involved in the use of FAAS, GFAAS, ICP and ICP-MS may be found in other articles of this Encyclopedia. 

J. M. Costa-Fernandez, F. Lunzer, R. Pereiro, N. Bordel and A. Sanz-Medel, Direct coupling of high-performance liquid chromatography to microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry via volatile-species generation and its application to mercury and arsenic speciation, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 10, 1995, 1019-1025. 

Induced Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP). An even more sensitive instrument has been developed to detect and quantitate, simultaneously, all inorganic species contained with a sample matrix. One such system is the ICP-OES (optical emission spectrometer) (Figure 25.5). The ICP-OES takes an aliquot of sample that has been acid digested and mixes it with a gas (e.g., argon) forming a plasma (i.e., an ionized gas) that is channeled into a nebulizer. Energy is applied to excite the atoms that are converted by the optics of the instrument into individual wavelengths. The... 

Figure 6.1 Bar-graph of MeHg in CRM 580. The results correspond to six replicate determinations as performed by different laboratories using various methods. MEANS indicates the mean of laboratory means with 95% confidence interval. Abbreviations-. CVAAS, cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry CVAFS, cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry ECD, electron capture detection GC, gas chromatography HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography ICPMS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry MIP, microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry QFAAS, quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry SFE, supercritical fluid extraction.

As noted earlier, USNs have been employed for sample insertion into atomic spectrometers suoh as flame atomio absorption spectrometry (FAAS) [9,10], electrothermal atomic absorption speotrometry (ETAAS) [11], atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) [12,13], induotively ooupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) [14,15], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [16,17] and microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (MIP-AES) [18,19]. Most of the applications of ultrasonic nebulization (USNn) involve plasma-based detectors, the high sensitivity, selectivity, precision, resolution and throughput have fostered their implementation in routine laboratories despite their high cost [4]. 

Graphite furnace AAS Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Inductively-coupled-plasma optical-emission spectroscopy Glow-discharge optical-emission spectroscopy Laser-excited resonance ionization spectroscopy Laser-excited atomic-fluorescence spectroscopy Laser-induced-breakdown spectroscopy Laser-induced photocoustic spectroscopy Resonance-ionization spectroscopy... 

Schickling C., Yang J. and Broekaert J. A. C. (1996) Optimization of electrochemical hydride generation coupled to microwave-induced plasma atomic emission... 

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