Plant fully automatic

Process or heating plant may have controls ranging from manual operation with some processes supervised by interlocks to semi-automatic and fully automatic operation. Deciding factors will include temperature of operation, frequency of ignition, degree of operator supervision, and rating of the plant. For example, boiler plant, both steam and water, will invariably have automatic control whereas tunnel kilns operated continuously at high temperature are unlikely to require it. 

The amount of process plant that can be defined accurately as automatic is relatively small, and manual intervention is often involved at some stage. The relevant design criteria are therefore often IM/12 or IM/18. In practice, fully automatic burner controllers tested and certified by British Gas are available that comply with the requirements of BS 5885. Although these have features which may not be applicable to non-automatic plant, it may be more appropriate to use such a controller, particularly as its safety is well proven. It may also be less expensive than buying and installing separate timers, relays, etc. For some processes (for example, those that do not need and cannot tolerate a long purge) such controllers may not be appropriate. 

While it produces very pure water, de-ionization is an expensive process to operate. It uses acid and caustic for regeneration and produces an effluent which may need neutralization before it can be discharged. On the other hand, all sizes of de-ionization plants are available with fully automatic operation and control so that the plant... 

Lubrication plays a vital role in the operation of industrial plant. For example, in a heavy rolling mill the lubrication system, though mostly out of sight in the oil cellar, may have a capacity of many thousands of gallons and exceed in bulk the mill itself. Lubrication systems of this size and complexity are usually fully automatic, with many interlocks and other safety features. Even with the smallest machines, automatic lubrication is becoming more popular. Where an automatic system would be impracticable or... 

A large proportion of refrigerating and air-conditioning equipment is now fully automatic in operation, but that does not absolve the user from the responsibility of understanding how it operates and being able to observe this operation. If this is not done, or if there is no other way of monitoring performance, the plant may run abnormally for some time before a fault is noticed, by which time considerable damage may have occurred. 

Where the user undertakes the day-to-day running of the plant, including most cases where the equipment is fully automatic in ordinary operation, basic maintenance will be assumed as part of this responsibility. 

In principle, it is not a big step from a system protected against all malfunctions to a fully automatic, program-controlled plant, though the complexity of the electrical circuits, of course, increases significantly. 

All major functions of a plant, such as glass transport, control of the sputter processes and pump control, are carried out fully automatically. This is the only way to ensure high productivity along w/ith high product quality. 

Batching and mixing plants encountered in construction work vary over a wide range. The plants may be large-capacity, fully automatic plants with several stationary mixers they may be small portable, manually operated... 

High Rate Detonator Production Study. As part of the overall program to modernize the US Govt owned, company operated, Army Ammunition Loading and Assembly Plants, it is planned to develop fully automatic equipment to manuf nonelectric detonators at the rate of 1200 per minute. The survey of literature sources and industry was undertaken to discover techniques and equipment that may be applicable, as described in Ref 1... 

Figure 25 shows a fully automatic block production line where the product to be wrapped is fed from the SSHE plant into a dosing station. With the help of product... 

The manufacturing parameters are kept constant by automatic remote control. Among recorded parameters is the Redox value of the spent acid fully described in Chapter XI. In case of any irregularity the plant is automatically stopped and an alarm given in the control room. 

A novel method for sterilizing glass containers with ozonized air has been developed. When used to replace a sulfur dioxide sterilization process, it resulted in substantial operating economies. Operation of a fully automatic soft drink plant is described. 

All the heating is controlled by thermostats, and many of the operations are fully automatic. Below Barbault s starting point is a mixture of earth and plants. 

The essence of this plant is of course the UF plant itself, which is shown in Figure 6, It is a DDS plant of the same type as at the Fe a cheese dairy, consisting of 45 modules, type 35, each with 42 m (452 ft ) membrane area. The plant is fully automatic, controlled by micro processors and integrated in a superior total control of the whole factory. 

Although automatic computers are used widely in economic control of process plants and organizations, the incorporation of computers in the process control loop to obtain fully automatic control (automation) has been explored only in preliminary fashion. 

At least two fixed beds ate required to give continuous service of purified water but three are normally used for recovery processes. This ensures ihet barren effluent is alweys below the limit and that each bed is fully loaded with product before regeneration lakes pi nee, Automatic control of a fixed-bed plant regulates the times of the velions cycles and controls feed rates at protkrtermined values. For fully automatic control of cydea, up to six automatic shut-off valves per vessel are required. 

Because the design of agglomeration plants, especially of those using briquetting, can be very compact, they are often suitable for installation at or near the dust-collection system(s) (Fig. 8.29). They are fully automatic, needing practically no operator attention, and can be monitored from a nearby control room. In the case of dust recirculation from specialty steel production, the briquettes that were reinforced with alloyed steel grinding swarf were an excellent feed addition for electric arc fiir-... 

For the in house generated scrap, specialty plants have been also developed. For example, fully automatic plant was designed for separating... 

The plant starts up by heat entering from the primary pump and the system temperature rises to 350°C from the cold shutdown state. Under this condition, all parts of the system, including the recirculation line in the water system, are uniformly heated. Then, a neutron absorber at the center of the core is withdrawn. At temperatures below 350°C, the neutron absorber cannot be withdrawn by the self-connected mechanism using the thermal expansion difference between the stainless steel and Cr-Mo steel (Fig. 14). After withdrawal of the neutron absorber, the reflector is lifted up by the hydraulic system to reach critical condition at 350 C. A ficzy control system is employed for this approach and a fully automatic operation circuit is provided because no malfunction causes severe reactivity insertion as described previously. 

A formal written system of operation and a reliable software control system where appropriate is essential for the maintenance of plant integrity. SOPs written with the design limitations of the plant in mind are an essential element in maintaining a secure containment system. Fully automatic operation with fail-safe interlocks (to prevent, for example, release of effluent before treatment is complete) can greatly assist in... 

Such an operating scheme of feed pumps (with a spinning reserve) ensures a continuous feedwater supply to the nuclear steam supply system in case of failure of one of the pumps. All other power plant pumps with electric drives, as a rule, have fully automatic 100% redundancy. 

Specialty reprocessing plants have been also developed. For example, fully automatic plant was designed for separating copper wire, PE and PVC into clean, ready to re-use materials. Similar specialized plants have been designed to clean and separate PCW from the agricultural scrap (mostly PE and PVC films), from household (a variety of packa g materials), or from the industrial waste streams comprising thermosets and thermoplastics, etc.[5]. 

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