Industrial waste streams

The concentration of lead in an industrial waste stream is 0.28 ppm. What is its molar concentration ... 

The determination of Fe in an industrial waste stream was carried out by the o-phenanthroline described in Method 10.1. Using the data shown in the following table, determine the concentration of Fe in the waste stream. 

Wetox uses a single-reactor vessel that is baffled to simulate multiple stages. The design allows for higher destmction efficiency at lower power input and reduced temperature. Its commercial use has been limited to one faciHty in Canada for treatment of a complex industrial waste stream. Kenox Corp. (North York, Ontario, Canada) has developed a wet oxidation reactor design (28). The system operates at 4.1—4.7 MPa (600 to 680 psi) with air, using a static mixer to achieve good dispersion of Hquid and air bubbles. 

Sludges from physical-chemical treatment of industrial waste streams containing heavy metals... 

Standards imposed to the industrial waste streams charged in heavy metals are more and more drastic in accordance with the updated knowledges of the toxicity of mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium... when they enter the human food chain after accumulating in plants and animals (Forster Wittmann, 1983). Nowadays, the use of biosorbents (Volesky, 1990) is more and more considered to complete conventional (physical and chemical) methods of removal that have shown their limits and/or are prohibitively expensive for metal concentrations typically below 100 mg.l-i. 

Another need the organisms have in common with man is some inorganic materials. They need small quantities of nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur, plus trace quantities of iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, boron, potassium, and cobalt.34 These are generally present in most municipal waters but may be absent from certain industrial waste streams. If this is so, they must be added. 

Removal of formic acid from industrial waste streams with sodium hypochlorite solution becomes explosive at 55°C. 

Char from a variety of sources, including coal, is used to produce activated carbon. The two most important uses for activated carbon are for water and wastewater treatment and decolorization. Other uses for activated carbon include the capture of pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pesticide residues from industrial waste streams. 

Thiocyanates are a group of compounds formed when sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen are combined. Thiocyanates are found in various foods and plants however, they are produced primarily from the reaction of free cyanide with sulfur. This reaction occurs in the environment (for example, in industrial waste streams that contain cyanide) and in the human body after swallowing or absorbing cyanide. 

Catalytic behavior. The eatalytic experiments were performed using a 0.1 mM solution of B02, pH 3 and room temperature. The coneentrations of azo dyes found in industrial waste streams are usually around 0.1 mM. Initially, different amoimts of the catalyst C2-Ms and C2-Us/Ms were employed inside the 0.01 g to 0.1 g range in the presence of H2O2. The mineralization of B02 is 80e oxidation, as shown in reaetion (36) with its transformation into carbon dioxide where the nitrogen atom undergoes a eomplete oxidation. 

MTT is commercially available in several forms. Enviro-Blend is used as a remediation technology to treat contaminated soils, sludges, and sediment. This mixture also serves as a pollution prevention technology to treat industrial waste streams. Enviro-Blend is distributed exclusively by American Minerals, Inc. The Enviro-Prep System stabilizes the lead in paint and is commercially available through Hoffer s Coatings, Inc. Enviro-Prep Special is another MTT product that is used to stabilize lead contamination in utility access points. 

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), UV-CATOX capital costs can vary from the 20,000 to 50,000. These costs are dependent on the system flow rate, contaminant concentrations, and effluent limits. System operating costs can be as low as 0.20 per 1000 gal or as high as 10 to over 100 for high-strength industrial waste streams (D224306, p. 2). 

No information was found in the available literature on concentrations of HDl or HDl prepolymers in water. Because of the expected rapid hydrolysis of HDl, significant concentrations may not be found in water, except near sources of this substance (e.g., industrial waste streams, hazardous waste sites). Small amoimts of unreacted HDl may persist in water if eneapsulated in water-insoluble polyurea erusts formed during hydrolysis (Gilbert 1988). 

Section 2.0 identifies metals listed by the California Code of Regulations as hazardous in industrial waste streams. Section 2.0 also discusses the waste reduction hierarchy and waste management methods examined in the report... 

In the early 1990s it is estimated ihai nearly 300 million nickel-cadmium batteries were sold in the United States. A large percentage of these were embedded in a variety of cordless appliances, such as power tools, small vacuum cleaners, and even toothbrushes. It was recently estimated that nearly 2.000 tons of cadmium appeared in the industrial waste stream as the result of equipment junked" during the mid-1980s. Legislation... 

The versatility of the RO process is such that it is now used for treating municipal and some industrial waste streams, which can then be used directly for cooling system makeup water and other applications without the need for blending. 

However, 2378-TeCDD and 123478-HxCDF concentrations declined fairly consistently throughout the 16 year period by about fourfold. The different trends for these two groups of congeners is likely to be linked to different sources. There is no doubt that the majority of 2378-TeCDD and 123478-HxCDF entered Lake Ontario via industrial waste streams and dumps along the Niagara River, which is discussed in more detail later. 

Office of Industrial Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy. Olefin Recovery from Chemical Industry Waste Streams. Chemicals Project Fact Sheet, 2000. 

The laboratory-scale experimental setups are designed typically to conduct chemical reaction studies under a range of pressures, temperatures, densities, oxidant and organic concentrations, and residence times in several reactor configurations. In general, model compounds for simulating common pollutants in industrial waste streams are used in laboratory-scale experiments. 

In addition to in situ soil applications, Fenton reagent has also been studied for treatment of industrial waste streams. For example, the treatment of residual Kraft black liquor from the pulp-and-paper industry has been shown to be effective [42]. Near-complete degradation of lignin (95-100%) and decolorization were achieved under optimized conditions. Basic oxygen furnace slag was evaluated as a source of iron for degradation of 2-chloro-phenol in industrial wastewater [43], and favorable results were achieved. 

Again, it is wise to note that hydrogen fermentation demands carbohydrate-rich substrate with high substrate concentration. From the perspective of environmental engineering, such characteristics of organic wastes practically only appear in some specific industrial waste streams, e.g., sugar factory wastewater (Ueno et al., 1996), rice winery wastewater (Yu et al, 2002), starch-manufacturing waste (Yokoi et al., 2002), molasses wastewater (Ren... 

A third type of reactor system is the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor system. The UASB is a continuous-flow system that maintains a dense flocculated biomass that is granular. The waste-water passes through this dense sludge blanket to achieve desired treatment efficiency. The UASB, anaerobic filter, and fluidized-bed systems have all been applied successfully to treat a variety of industrial waste streams. Table 22-44 summarizes some of the applications of these treatment technologies. 

CBPC matrix composites can incorporate a high volume of industrial waste streams such as fly ash, mineral waste such as iron taUings and Bayer process residue from the aluminum industry (red mud), machining swarfs from the automobile industry, and forest product waste such as saw dust and wood chips. Table 14.1 lists some of these waste streams and potential products or applications. 

Industrial Waste Streams Incorporated in CBPCs and Potential Applications. 

Over the last decade, extensive research has been conducted on conversion of hazardous metals from different waste streams using phosphate stabilizers. Eighmy and Eusden [10] searched the literature on phosphate amendment of various industrial waste streams. They found 39 patents in this area since 1994. An updated summary of the various waste streams, either treated or tested by phosphate amendment or solidification, is given in Table 16.3. 

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