Conditioning equipment

PV systems consist of arrays of cells that ate interconnected in panels or modules to increase total power output. Often the systems include sun-tracking equipment, as well as power-conditioning equipment to convert dc to ac. The systems can range in size from a simple one-panel, fixed-orientation unit to a vast field of modules that accurately track the movement of the sun. Electric utiUties in Europe, Japan, and the United States have hosted several experimental PV power plants. The largest to date was a 5.5-MW plant at Carrisa Plains, California, built by Siemens Solar Industries (formerly ARCO Solar). 

Dynamics of Process Measurements Especially where the measurement device is incorporated into a closed loop control configuration, dynamics are important. The dynamic characteristics depend on the nature of the measurement device, and also on the nature of components associated with the measurement device (for example, thermowells and sample conditioning equipment). The term mea-.sui ement system designates the measurement device and its associated components. 

Where the manufacturer of the measurement device does not supply the associated eqiiipment (thermowells, sample conditioning equipment, and the like), the user must incorporate the characteristics of these components to obtain the dynamics of the measurement system. 

In general, air conditioning equipment can be classified into two broad types central (sometimes called field erected) and unitary (or packaged). 

Titanium Fresh and sea water condenser tubing, severe corrosion condition equipment... 

When the pollutant loading is exeeptionally high or consists of relatively large particles (> 2 /tm), venturi scrubbers or spray chambers may be used to reduce the load on the ESP. Much larger particles (> 10 /tm) are controlled with mechanical collectors such as cyclones. Gas conditioning equipment to reduce both inlet concentration and gas temperature is occasionally used as part of the original design of wet ESPs (AWMA, 1992 Flynn, 1999). 

State line Center point to Process Final air conditions Equipment used... 

If air conditioning systems are designed for buildings housing electrical equipment, the heat generated by the electrical equipment must be considered when sizing the air conditioning equipment. Artificial heat is seldom required in all but the coldest of climates. 

Selection of air conditioning equipment depends on balancing various criteria, including performance, capacity, special requirements, initial and continuing operating costs reliability flexibility and maintainability. 

Overall efficiency of air conditioning equipment steadily rose starting in the mid-1970s, attributed to consumer demand, government mandate, and incentive programs. For example, the average efficiency, as expressed in seasonal energy efficiency ratio, of new central air conditioners increased about 35 percent between 1976 and 1991. After national standards took effect in 1992, efficiency has increased as much as another 15 percent. 

A second disadvantage is the need to have substantial amounts of power conditioning on the vehicle. This equipment must be sized to match the highest force and speed for the entire system, even if it rarely needs such high peak power. If the air gap is large this power conditioning equipment can be heavy and expensive. 

A large proportion of refrigerating and air-conditioning equipment is now fully automatic in operation, but that does not absolve the user from the responsibility of understanding how it operates and being able to observe this operation. If this is not done, or if there is no other way of monitoring performance, the plant may run abnormally for some time before a fault is noticed, by which time considerable damage may have occurred. 

Accumulated dirt on air filters will increase the resistance and lead to reduced air flow. This is by far the most frequent cause of malfunction of air-conditioning equipment. 

Since a large proportion of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment will be bought on the basis of catalogue data, an analytical approach should be adopted to ensure correct selection. The principles to be applied are those of value analysis — to start with the basic need and no preconceived method, to consider all the different methods of satisfying the need, and to evaluate each of these objectively before moving towards a choice. 

In addition to supplying the various water-steamside conditioning equipment, chemical treatments, and periodic cleaning or other specialist services, service companies are expected to provide advice, practical expertise, and general support for their program in a proactive manner, to prevent waterside and operational problems from occurring. 

The selective utilization of external water conditioning equipment... 

Thus, the entire thrust of a water treatment program requires a proactive approach to potential problem identification and resolution. The scope of the program should therefore be wide enough to include not only all relevant conditioning equipment and chemical treatments but also a variety of technical and operational support services. 

It also is likely that when considering the steam-water cycle, expenditure on water conditioning equipment at the front end will result in savings in chemical treatments, fuel, and loss of good-quality hot water at the back end ... 

Deposition can be minimized by a combination of good operating practice and overall program management, together with the use of appropriate external conditioning equipment, internal chemical treatments, and proper chemical feed and control methods. 

Various types of water conditioning equipment are available to provide multiple pretreatment functions in the same tank or pressure vessel. For the most part, the technologies employed by the manufacturers are not revolutionary, despite considerable rhetoric and deliberately confusing technical explanations, as these units simply contain two or three different types of media of differing densities. 

Mickley, H. S. Chem. Eng. Prog. 45 (1949) 739. Design of forced draught air conditioning equipment. 

The chemical process industries are competitive, and the information that is published on commercial processes is restricted. The articles on particular processes published in the technical literature and in textbooks invariably give only a superficial account of the chemistry and unit operations used. They lack the detailed information needed on reaction kinetics, process conditions, equipment parameters, and physical properties needed for process design. The information that can be found in the general literature is, however, useful in the early stages of a project, when searching for possible process routes. It is often sufficient for a flow-sheet of the process to be drawn up and a rough estimate of the capital and production costs made. 

The comparison of the safety of equipment is not straightforward. It depends on equipment themselves and process conditions. Equipment safety can be evaluated from quantitative accident and failure data and from engineering practice and recommendations. Experience-based information is found from layout recommendations and safety analysis methods such as the Dow E F Index (1987). Quantitative data can be found from accident and operational statistics. It should be remembered that all reliability or failure information does not express safety directly, since all failures are not dangerous and not all accidents are due to failures of equipment. 

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