Planning transportation issues

Upgrading service ships that transport SNF from shipyards to railroad access points is a critical bottleneck in moving SNF to Mayak or elsewhere in both the Northwest and Far East. PM-12, the only such ship in the Northwest, needs an overhaul, or, better yet, a replacement. This should be a top priority projects, as it is a critical transportation link (there is no land access to most of these locations), and the SNF must either be moved (the current plan) or put into better, more secure storage on location (a possibility that should be explored as a temporary measine if transportation issues and more permanent storage locations cannot be readied in the very near future). 

As with small-quantity CAIS finds, MRCs could conceivably be used to ship CAIS PIGs to a stockpile incineration facility or one of the planned non-stockpile treatment facilities however, the receiving state must be willing to accept the materiel to be received and treated (see Appendix G for a discussion of transportation issues). 

The additional binary mixture classes contained in Version II are listed in Table 17.14. The hard-copy versions of the tables are being issued in multiple parts. The initial volume is entitled Transport Properties and Related Thermodynamic Data of Binary Mixtures, Part I (Gammon et al. 1993). Part II of the series, containing an additional 420 mixture-property tables, was published recently (Gammon et al. 1994). It is planned to issue two more printed volumes and two additional versions of the database. 

The objective of this research was therefore to develop a master plan for the safe management of end-of-life mercury containing lamps for the entire country. It encompasses detailed analysis of the complete system of logistics (collection, transportation, and safe disposal of end-of-life CFLs/FTLs), financing models, institutional mechanisms, policy framework, and issue of public awareness. 

Moving to the transport sector, Fig. 15.1 quantifies the continued oil stress of the transportation sector. Even when a rather aggressive development of biofuels is included, the transportation demand for oil does not go down. This underlines that in all likelihood the energy security issue is as much a long-term issue as the climate change issue. It induces a strong motivation around the world to develop non oil-based transportation fuels, even in the absence of CO2 emission concerns. Current investments in the area of Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) and plans for Coal-to-Liquids (CTL) attest to this [7]. 

One of the examples given above involves off-site shipment. If there is some likelihood of off-site transport being permitted, then this remains a viable option. But a date for the permitting decision should be determined, after which this option should no longer be considered viable. One of the functions of preproject planning is to identify these issues before it is too late. 

Contaminant distribution in soil and water depends on such factors as soil properties the physical and chemical properties of the contaminant contaminant fate and transport in soil, groundwater or surface water and even the manner in which the contaminant was introduced into the environment. The knowledge of these issues coupled with available information on site history and background allows us to make valid assumptions in the planning phase on contaminant distribution and variability at the site. 

In September, 1998 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a rale (known as the NOx SIP Call) that required 22 states and the District of Columbia to submit State Implementation Plans (SIP s). These SIP s would reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) - compounds that react with other chemicals in the atmosphere to form ozone (or smog). EPA required these reductions after determining that NOx and ozone are transported by the wind to downwind states, which results in unhealthy air quality in the downwind states156. 

The goal of this chapter is to provide guidelines for investigators who, in the course of their research, must obtain, hold, transport, process, and archive samples from vertebrates. There are legal, logistic, and technical issues that need to be considered. Timely recognition and planning can make the difference between successful research and a wasted effort. 

Under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act, the U.S. EPA amended the Facility Response Plan requirements in the Oil Pollution Prevention regulation for nontransportation-related facilities. The main purpose of these amendments is to provide a more specific method to plan response resources that can be used by an owner or operator of a facility that handles, stores, or transports animal fats and vegetable oils. EPA issued this mle in response to legislation requiring the Agency to issue regulations (55). 

In both regions, the vision and roadmap documents stress an integral and connected approach for research and development, but are less clear about market development. The European Union did not address market issues early on, although a May 2003 EU directive does promote alternative fuels for transport (European Commission, 2003). That directive is planned to be a stepping-stone aimed to stimulate a market pull for alternative fuels. The U.S. implementation programs address market issues, but actual policies and programs have not been proposed. My preliminary characterization of the U.S. implementation plans would be high priority for research and development and low priority for market development. 

The Ministry of Transport and Energy4 is responsible for the implementation act itself, issuing of permits5, sector and installation level allocation, monitoring plans, auctioning etc. 

In the fiscal year 1993 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 102-484), the Congress directed the Army to report on its plans for disposing of all nonstockpile chemical warfare materiel within the United States. In 1933, the Army issued a report describing the nonstockpile chemical materiel, potential disposal methods, transportation alternatives, and disposal cost and schedule estimates. The report concluded that it would cost the Army 1.1 billion ( 930 million in direct project disposal costs and 170 million in programmatic costs) to destroy, primarily by incineration, demolition, and neutralization, the nonstockpile chemical materiel required by the convention within the required time frames. 

To address the myriad of issues a chemical attack would present to a community, a response template plan with national applicabihfy, referred to as the Off-Site Triage, Treatment and Transport Center, was formulated. The concept was designed to address the non-critical and non-exposed patients who can be expected to seek medical help. This concept requires the set-up of an ancillary medical fadhty to handle the large number of walking wounded and worried well casualties that are expected from a terrorist attack. The facihty would be a temporary site that supplements existing assets, since many of these centers can be set-up as are deemed necessary. The care envisioned to be provided in such a center includes decontamination, initial entry into the medical care system for patients not processed at the scene, care for non-critical patients, transportation to medical facilities for patients in need, and mental health care. 

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