Long-term issues

Moving to the transport sector, Fig. 15.1 quantifies the continued oil stress of the transportation sector. Even when a rather aggressive development of biofuels is included, the transportation demand for oil does not go down. This underlines that in all likelihood the energy security issue is as much a long-term issue as the climate change issue. It induces a strong motivation around the world to develop non oil-based transportation fuels, even in the absence of CO2 emission concerns. Current investments in the area of Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) and plans for Coal-to-Liquids (CTL) attest to this [7]. 

Zhang, Advani, and Prasad [51,52] also used microfabrication techniques in order to develop a thin, perforated copper foil and use it as a cathode DL in a PEMLC. In addition to the metal DL, an "enhancement" layer was used that consisted of a porous material locafed befween the perforated copper foil and fhe LF plate (CLP was used in fhis study). This layer improved the overall short-term performance and wafer managemenf of fhe cell. Flowever, the authors did not discuss any possible long-term issues related to contaminahon of the membrane due to the use of a copper DL. 

Continued education about the disorder being treated, the treatment plan, including duration of treatment, use of concomitant medications, prognosis, and long-term issues regarding medications are all impor-... 

Ravishankara A.R. Introduction Atmospheric Chemistiy-Long-Term Issues, Chem. Rev. 103 (2003) 4505 -4508. 

Fasteners for WPC deck boards short- and long-term issues... 

Even if these projections of future dependence are believed to be correct, concerns about the resulting commercial and political leverage form only a small part of a security environment. It also includes a cluster of short- and long-term issues among which are resource availability, technical breakdown and accident, terrorist attack, political instability, and lack of timely investment, as well as disagreements in relation to existing and future supplies and prices, transit and facilities. 

The loss of experienced personnel also reduces the chance of developing long-term solutions to operational or maintenance issues. A contract worker is less likely to care about such long-term issues, and so is less likely to make suggestions and contributions. Yet the involvement of all employees is cmcial to the success of a process safety program. 

Senior managers are concerned primarily with long-term issues. With respect to risk, they are particularly sensitive to the potential for major environmental and safety events such as the Exxon Valdez spill, the refinery explosion at Texas City, or the Deepwater Horizon/Macondo catastrophe. 

Despite the progress made so far on developing safe, durable, and useful artificial joints, much work remains to be done. One long-term issue that has yet to be researched extensively, for example, is the effect of the release of metal cations from the joint into the body over the lifetime of the joint replacement. This may become a more urgent health issue as the lifetimes of the artificial joints increases and the ages at which patients get the replacements decreases. 

The last phase of phased construction usually means natural gas replacement with coal gas. However, coal gas can also be used in any natural gas or oil-fired power plant, especially in combined-cycle power plants. This capability is important in today s environment of intense competition, low natural gas prices, and high electrical load growth. Because of these factors, most new electric generation capacity project announcements are for natural gas combined-cycle projects. As the natural gas consumption in electric generation increases, natural gas supplies and prices become important long-term issues. Utilities can effectively use coal-derived fuel gas to replace natural gas. 

In the second phase, questions of dealing with the long-term issues of having an analyzer need to be evaluated. This is a very complex metric, which can include variables such as staffing those is responsible for day-to-day operation and the per year running cost of having such an analyzer. Running costs themselves include a need to define hardware consumables, process downtime for hardware maintenance, technician time, and the process model maintenance cost. 

The recommended actions should not only identify short-term fixes, e.g. removal of obstructions from a fire escape route but also medium- to long-term issues that may need to be addressed to prevent a recurrence. 

A facility has been constructed at RPI to study hydrogen combustion phenomena related to severe accidents at nuclear power plants. The specific areas of interest are transient diffusion flames, oxidation of near-limit mixtures, and jet initiation of accelerated flames and detonations. These haye been identified as key near- and long-term issues in the Revised Severe Accident Research Program (SARP) (1989) set forth by the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The RPI experimental facility is designed to examine these problems quickly and systematically by allowing key parameters to be easily changed. 

A PRA Applications Group shall be created to address long term issues and to work intimately with the PRA staff. 

---