Links transportation

A. Emoto, F. Ushigome, N. Koyabu, H. Kajiya, K. Okabe, S. Satoh, K. Tsukimori, H. Nakano, H. Ohtani, and Y. Sawada. H+-linked transport of salicylic acid, an... 

It has been known for many years that the mitochondrion shows a respiration-linked transport of a number of ions. Of these, calcium has attracted the most attention since it depends on a specific transport system with high-affinity binding sites. The uptake of calcium usually also involves a permeant anion, but in the absence of this, protons are ejected as the electron transfer system operates. The result is either the accumulation of calcium salts in the mitochondrial matrix or an alkalinization of the interior of the mitochondrion. The transfer of calcium inwards stimulates oxygen utilization but provides an alternative to the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP618 ... 

Na+ Channel inactivation leading to Elevated action potential threshold Decreased nerve conduction and velocity Decreased Na+ leak and decreased likelihood of Na+ gradient collapse Stabilized Na+ gradient-linked transporters (glucose, creatine, Ca2+, H+, transmitters)... 

Chemical immobilization methods. These can be accomplished via the formation of an array between the enzyme and surface active groups or via covalently linked transporters. The advantage is that the enzyme cannot escape to solution the disadvantage is that partial or total enzyme deactivation can occur during immobilization owing to the formation of additional chemical links. 

The first entirely synthetic derivative, fluvastatin (see Ref. [19]), and its subsequent derivative, atorvastatin, have a lipid solubility that is intermediate between pravastatin and the lactone prodrugs (see Tab. 4.2), and consequently their liver specificities are less expressed. In order to benefit from selective statin uptake mechanism into the liver cells and thereby decrease passive diffusion into other cell types, the recently introduced rosuvastatin molecule was purposefully made more hydrophilic by the introduction of a sulfonamide group. Indeed, the ratio of IC5 values measured in fibroblasts and hepatocyte cultures became considerable higher than that of atorvastatin (see Tab. 4.1). The pronounced differences of inhibitory potency, lipophilicity and the extent of active OATP-linked transport jointly... 

Lipman, T. E., G. Nemet, and D. M. Kammen, A Review of Advanced Power Technology Programs in the United States and Abroad Including Linked Transportation and Stationary Sector Developments, Final Report, prepared for the California Air Resources Board and... 

Carrier-mediated active transport (i.e./ via energy-linked transporters). 

A number of manipulations are possible, once this formalism has been established. There are useful analogies both with the Eulerian and Lagrangian pictures of incompressible fluid flow, and with the Heisenberg and Schrodinger pictures of quantum mechanics T, chapter 7], [M, chapter 11]. These analogies are particularly useful in formulating the equations of classical response theory [39], linking transport coefficients with both equilibrium and nonequilibrium simulations [35]. 

Posavad CM, Rosenthal KL (1992) Herpes simplex virus-infected human fibroblasts are resistant to and inhibit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity. J Virol 66 6264-6272 Powis SJ, Townsend AR, Deverson EV. Bastin J. Butcher GW, Howard JC (1991) Restoration of antigen presentation to the mutant cell line RMA-S by an MHC-linked transporter. Nature 354 528- 531 Schumacher TN, Kantesaria DV, Serreze DV, Roopenian DC, Ploegh HL (1994) Transporters from H-2b, H-2d, H-2s, H-2k, and H-2g7 (NOD Lt) haplotype translocate similar sets of peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 13004 13008... 

Diffusion and fluid advection are the most important mass transfer processes in low temperature geochemical systems. Whenever mass transfer processes are slow relative to chemical reaction rates, diffusion and advection processes will control the overall rate of a geochemical process. This chapter introduces some simple models that link transport rates to chemical reaction rates. 

CoASH and thus reforming the true immediate substrate for the oxidatioa According to this hypothesis, acyl carnitine, which is not a substrate for the enzymes of the oxidative process, is an admirable substrate for fatty acid degradation in intact mitochondrial systems. In addition, mitochondria depleted of their endogenous energy donors (ATP, GTP) are unable to oxidize add fatty acids unless ATP and carnitine are both present in the system. This observation clearly proves that acyl-CoA is formed outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane—i.e. outside of the oxidation compartment—and is transported to the inner compartment via the carnitine-linked transport mechanism. In agreement with these results an ATP-dependent thiokinase has been identified in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and an acyl-camitine transferase has been found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 

Skou, J. C., 1964, Enzymatic aspects of active linked transport of Na" and K through the cell membrane, Progr. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 14 133. 

---