The National Defense Authorization Act for

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 (P.L. 99-500) prohibits shipments of chemical weapons, components, or agents to the Blue Grass Depot Activity for any purpose. 

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 (P.L. 102-190) required the Secretary of Defense to develop a chemical weapons stockpile safety contingency plan. 

More recently, DARPA has been granted Experimental Personnel Hiring Authority under Section 1101 of the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999. Under this authority, DARPA can directly hire up to 40 eminent scientists and engineers from outside government service for term appointments up to 4 years. These appointments may be extended to 6 years in specific cases. This authority significantly streamlines and accelerates the hiring process. 

Brooks ( 90) Rear Admiral T.A. Brooks, Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1990 - H.R. 2461 and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs before the Committee on Armed Services House of Representatives, Seapower and Strategic and Critical Materials Subcommittee Hearings on Seapower, 101st Congress, first session, 22 February 1989, pp.38-9. 

B. Richardson, Statement included in Hearings on Department of Defense Appropriations for 1992 before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations House of Representatives, 102nd Congress, first session (23 April 1991), p.l74 G. Browder, Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993-H.R. 2100..., p.565. 

In the fiscal year 1993 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 102-484), the Congress directed the Army to report on its plans for disposing of all nonstockpile chemical warfare materiel within the United States. In 1933, the Army issued a report describing the nonstockpile chemical materiel, potential disposal methods, transportation alternatives, and disposal cost and schedule estimates. The report concluded that it would cost the Army 1.1 billion ( 930 million in direct project disposal costs and 170 million in programmatic costs) to destroy, primarily by incineration, demolition, and neutralization, the nonstockpile chemical materiel required by the convention within the required time frames. 

During the 1950s school counselors broadened their focus from the purely vocational domain to an approach that integrated issues of personality and human growth and development (Keys, 1998 Schmidt, 1996) and became known as guidance counselors. The federal government authorized funds for school counselors in the National Defense Education Act of 1958 (Schmidt, 1996). As a result, the number of school counselors employed by schools increased dramatically in a very short period of time. 

National Defense Stockpile Goal for tin at 42,700 metric tons. On January 2, 1980, the Strategic and Critical Materials Transaction Authorization Act became effective. This authorizes the President to dispose of materials determined to be excessive to the current needs of the stockpile. This act provides for the sale of up to 35,600 metric tons of tin, including a contribution of up to 5100 metric tons of tin to the International Tin Council (ITC) buffer stock (see below). The GSA set up a schedule to offer about 500 metric tons of Grade A tin, for domestic sales and consumption only, every other Tuesday beginning July 1, 1980. On December 14, 1981, the restrictions on exporting the GSA tin sold were lifted sales increased immediately. Thus, from July 1, 1980, through December 11, 1981, the total GSA sales were 3170 metric tons. An additional 1815 metric tons were sold soon thereafter, mostiy to traders (10). 

Requirements for Disposal. The National Security and Military Applications of Nuclear Energy Authorization Act (NSMA, 1980) established the current DOE program for disposal of defense transuranic waste at the WIPP facility in New Mexico. The Act specifically authorized test emplacements of waste for purposes of research and development. WIPPLWA (1992) then authorized permanent disposal of defense transuranic waste at this facility. The Act specifies that the WIPP facility may not be used for disposal of high-level waste, commercial transuranic waste, or any DOE non-defense transuranic... 

In the very same year of 1945, in the aftermath of their agony, the nations of the world joined in signing the Charter of the United Nations (UN), one of history s greatest acts of imagination. Today, that charter, in principle and ultimately in practice, is law for all 192 nations. At its core lies the provision that all states refrain from the threat or use of force against others. A state can only use force for self-defense under circumstances defined and authorized by the UN. 

Dr. Mesilaakso is currently Acting Director of the Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFTN former CW Project) at the University of Helsinki. Before this, he worked at VERIFIN as a Research Scientist, Quality Manager and Research Director. He is a member of the Finnish National Authority of the CWC, a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the Defense of Finland, and a member of the OPCW Validation Group for data evaluation to the OPCW Central Analytical Database. 

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