Planned Commercial Projects

Worldwide there are about thirty major current and planned GCC projects. Within the United States, the first GCC placed into commercial sei-vice, and operated from 1984 to 1989, was the 100-MW Cool Water coal gasification plant near Daggett, California. 

Supplier prequalification response Supplier audit report Project and quality plans Software quality assurance plan Commercial and purchasing specs. 

Over the past seven years, a number of groups in the U.S. have announced plans for Lurgi coal gasification commercial projects to produce SNG. However, none of these projects has reached the construction stage. The main reasons for the delays have included problems with government approvals and regulations. Difficulties with environmental clearances, the cost and pricing... 

In principle there is no reason why projects for domestic clients should be treated differently from commercial projects. In reality, however, imposing COM duties is not straightforward and the HSC do not believe that it is practical to place legal duties on domestic clients, particularly to appoint competent people. The HSC therefore propose to continue the exemption. The net effect of the current proposals is that, as now, the Regulations would apply to all domestic projects, but there would be no need for a domestic client to appoint a principal contractor or co-ordinator, to notify HSE of the project, or to produce a health and safety plan or file. 

The interface between project planning and project execution is the conclusion of the contract. This means the signing of the contract worked out by the plant operator and the plant constructor stipulating aU commercial and technical project... 

The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is a natural funnel that accelerates the wind southward at 15-22 mph and always done so. Yet, it has only been recently that commercial projects have been tendered and constructed wind energy accounts for less than 2% of electricity production in Mexico. But this status will change soon. Mexico s Energy Secretary Georgina Kessel is planning on a series of wind projects that by 2012 should generate 2,500 MW of electricity and perhaps up to 5,000 MW. 

As part of the demonstration project plan, commercial-scale plant concepts of both nuclear process heat and nuclear hydrogen systems were first selected reflecting the market needs and opinions of potential customers and vendors, and an economic feasibility study was carried out. Based on the above, the project structure and strategy of the demonstration project and subsequent commercialization project were established together with the relevant business model. 

Provide resource and time for hazard and risk analysis, effective training and comprehensive scenario planning for potential incidents. Defer to the expertise of personnel, and do not dismiss expert opinions. They provide a process or system to ensure company leaders get expert operational safety input as a critical part of the decision making process for commercial projects or activities. 

The 1990 Amendments to the U.S. Clean Air Act require a 50% reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions by the year 2000. Electric power stations are beheved to be the source of 70% of all sulfur dioxide emissions (see Power generation). As of the mid-1990s, no utiUties were recovering commercial quantities of elemental sulfur ia the United States. Two projects had been aimounced Tampa Electric Company s plan to recover 75,000—90,000 metric tons of sulfuric acid (25,000—30,000 metric tons sulfur equivalent) aimuaHy at its power plant ia Polk County, Elorida, and a full-scale sulfur recovery system to be iastaHed at PSl Energy s Wabash River generating station ia Terre Haute, Indiana. Completed ia 1995, the Terre Haute plant should recover about 14,000 t/yr of elemental sulfur. 

The most frequendy used chromatographic technique is gas chromatography (gc) for which instmmentation was first offered commercially in 1955 by Burrell Corp., Perkin-Ehner, and Podbielniak. Five additional companies offered instmmentation in 1956. Gas chromatographs were the most frequendy mentioned analytical instmmentation planned for purchase in surveys in 1990, and growth in sales is projected to remain around 6% through 1995 (1,5). 

When the Clean Air Act of 1990 was signed into law, electric utiUties were requited to estabUsh plans and initiate projects to comply with that Act s Tide IV. Each utihty had to evaluate how the various commercial and emerging clean coal systems fit into the utiUty s technical and business environment resulting in strategies to utilize fuel switching and wet throwaway FGD processes almost exclusively (38,85,86). 

In this phase of the toller selection process, we assume the long list became a short list and now one or more candidate tollers from the short list will be given an opportunity to prepare a commercial bid. This by no means indicates the short listed tollers are perfect. There may be deficiencies that need to be corrected in concert with the client. With proper effort, one will be successful and be engaged for the toll. Sometimes it is appropriate to decide on a backup toller, as complications can develop that prevent the primary candidate from executing the project as originally planned, due to an incident in their plant, departure of key personnel, or unexpected production demands on the toller. 

KBW [Koppers Babcock Wilcox] A coal gasification process developed jointly by the Koppers Company and Babcock Wilcox, intended to supply the synthetic fuels industry. The product is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Dry, powdered coal, oxygen, and steam are injected into the reactor. The reaction temperature is sufficiently high that the ash is molten it runs down the reactor walls, is tapped out as a molten slag, and is quenched in water before disposal. In 1984, seven commercial synfuels projects planned to use this process but it is not known whether any was commercialized. 

Based on a survey reported for 2003, there are 163 commercial gasification projects worldwide consisting of a total of 468 gasifiers.4 More than 120 plants began their operations between 1960 and 2000 with the majority (more than 72 plants) commissioned after 1980. Up to 34 new plants are at various stages of planning and construction. 

There are several initiatives for the development and demonstration of CCS worldwide. For instance, the European Union has an ambition to deploy 10-12 full-scale CCS demonstration projects within Europe by 2015, testing various ways of integrating CCS in coal and gas-fired power generation it also aims for CCS to be commercially viable for all new fossil fuel power plants by 2020, with existing plants progressively retrofitted (EC, 2007). Other pilot and demonstration plants are planned in the United States, Australia and China.5... 

Project plans and a dedicated project manager are required to coordinate across-site support activities, e.g. project planning, engineering, process development, production, QC (quality control), etc. This is critically important if production scale equipment and operating areas need to be used during the transfer exercise, i.e. the impact on commercial manufacturing schedules. 

As experts in pharmaceutical marketplace analytics and projection methodologies, forecasters can assess the commercial potential of the development compound and work closely with the marketer/brand manager to develop a prescription and revenue projection for the NCE. Forecasters are often technically oriented and their role is to provide a numerical forecast for the compound, not focus on the strategic implications of their analysis. However, their interaction with the other members of the brand plan team often clarifies the assumptions associated with the disease marketplace and the place of the NCE within it. 

Many pharmaceutical companies generate an early commercial assessment of an NCE for planning and strategy development, and traditional forecasts may estimate the number of pahenfs, volume of prescripfions, or fhe resulfing level of sales for a parhcular new compound in each year after its launch. These projections may not be realistic in the current market environment, however, and d5mamic modeling provides a much more operational way to generate such evaluations. 

In the US, the plan for 2010 is to develop and demonstrate technology to supply purified hydrogen for PEMFC from biomass at US 2.60/kg at the plant gate (projected to a commercial scale 75,000 kg/day). The objective is to be competitive with gasoline by 2015. There is also a Hydrogen Production from Biomass program" funded at US 1.2 million, which includes pyrolysis, gasification and fermentation. 

---