Commercial potential

Other patents (81,82) coveted the preparation of cellulose solutions using NMMO and speculated about their use as dialysis membranes, food casings (sausage skins), fibers, films, paper coatings, and nonwoven binders. NMMO emerged as the best of the amine oxides, and its commercial potential was demonstrated by American Enka (83,84). Others (85) have studied the cellulose-NMMO system in depth one paper indicates that further strength increases can be obtained by adding ammonium chloride or calcium chloride to the dope (86). 

Fluorodenitration of nitroaromatics represents an exchange duorination technique with commercial potential. For example, y -duoronittoben2ene [402-67-5] from y -dinitroben2ene [99-65-0] and KF in the presence of various promoters can be reali2ed (69—72). This is not feasible under Halex conditions with y -chlotonittoben2ene [121 -73-3]. 

Depending on the ring substituent, trifluoromethoxyben2enes can be made by the sequential chlorination—fluorination of anisole(s) (351—354). A one-step process with commercial potential is the BF (or SbF2)-cataly2ed reaction of phenol with carbon tetrachloride/hydrogen fluoride (355). Aryl trifluoromethyl ethers, which may not be accessible by the above routes,may be made by fluorination of aryl fluoroformates or aryl chlorothioformates with sulfur tetrafluoride (348) or molybdenum hexafluoride (356). 

The recognition that PPS had significant commercial potential as an advanced material came in the late 1940s (12). MacaHum s PPS process is based on the reaction of elemental sulfur, -dichlorobenzene, and sodium carbonate in sealed vessels at 275—300°C (12). Typical products produced by the MacaHum process contain more than one sulfur per repeating unit x = 1.2-2.3) ... 

The process involving aHyl alcohol has not been iadustriaHy adopted because of the high production cost of this alcohol However, if the aHyl alcohol production cost can be markedly reduced, and also if the evaluated cost of hydrogen chloride, which is obtained as a by-product from the substitutive chlorination reaction, is cheap, then this process would have commercial potential. The high temperature propylene—chlorination process was started by SheH Chemical Corporation ia 1945 as an iadustrial process (1). The reaction conditions are a temperature of 500°C, residence time 2—3 s, pressure 1.5 MPa (218 psi), and an excess of propylene to chlorine. The yield of aHyl chloride is 75—80% and the main by-product is dichloropropane, which is obtained as a result of addition of chlorine. Other by-products iaclude monochioropropenes, dichloropropenes, 1,5-hexadiene. At low temperatures, the amount of... 

Dehydrogenative Coupling of Hydride Functional Silanes. The autocouphng of dihydridosilanes was first observed usiag Wilkinson s catalyst (128). A considerable effort has been undertaken to enhance catalyst turnover and iacrease the molecular weight of polysilane products (129) because the materials have commercial potential ia ceramic, photoresist, and conductive polymer technology. 

Despite the fact that many boron hydride compounds possess unique chemical and physical properties, very few of these compounds have yet undergone significant commercial exploitation. This is largely owing to the extremely high cost of most boron hydride materials, which has discouraged development of all but the most exotic appHcations. Nevertheless, considerable commercial potential is foreseen for boron hydride materials if and when economical and rehable sources become available. Only the simplest of boron hydride compounds, most notably sodium tetrahydroborate, NajBHJ, diborane(6), B2H, and some of the borane adducts, eg, amine boranes, are now produced in significant commercial quantities. 

Lithium brines with commercial potential are found in the Altiplano of BoHvia and Argentina, in salt beds of Chile, and in several salt beds in central and western China. 

Another method that appears to have commercial potential is the ozonolysis of cyclooctene. Ozonolysis is carried out using a short chain carboxyHc acid, preferably propanoic acid, as solvent. The resultant mixture is thermally decomposed in the presence of oxygen at about 100°C to give suberic acid in about 60—78% yield (38—40). Carboxylation of 1,6-hexanediol using nickel carbonyl as catalyst is reported to give suberic acid in 90% yield (41). 

Alcohols with a C8 - Cn chain length, characterized by low solubility in aqueous media, may have a particular commercial potential as perspective extractants for tantalum and niobium hydrometallurgical processing. Particular emphasis has been placed recently on the investigation of tantalum and niobium extraction using octanol (C8Hi80) in the forms of 1-octanol and 2-octanol [462,466-473]. 

Micro-organisms have produced chemicals for industry for many years and their commercial potential for the future in this respect is enormous. However, the development of new... 

Lorenz, R.T. and Cysewski, G.R., Commercial potential for Haematococcus microal-gae as a natural source of astaxanthin, Trends Biotechnol, 18, 160, 2000. 

Kleine Reaktoren mit grower Zukunji, Chemische Rundschau, April 2002 PAMIR study large commercial potential large industrial interest market volume standardization strategic cooperations time horizon potential for pharmaceuticals and fine chemistry Clariant pilot with caterpillar mixer [211],... 

This noble but naive attempt - bearing in mind that only the molecular formula of C20H24N2O2 was known at the time - was doomed to fail. In subsequent experiments with aniline, which was fortunately contaminated with toluidines, Perkin obtained a purple product in low yield. Perkin was quick to recognize the commercial potential of his findings the natural dye, Tyrian purple, which was extracted from a species of Mediterranean snail, cost more per kilogram than gold in 1856. Within a few years the first commercial plant for the production of mauveine was in operation. 

This is a fairly mundane exchange. You would not need years of experience before you were able to decide for yourself where you should go on a holiday, so there is little commercial potential for an expert system advising overworked biologists on how to spend their summer break. Nevertheless, this simple interaction gives us an early insight into how an expert system appears to the user. The system has provided one half of a conversation, eliciting information from the user through a sequence of focused questions as... 

Many of the above processes may potentially be applicable to desulfurization of gaseous effluent streams produced from refining operations. The economics of the processes will have to be compared with existing processes to evaluate their commercialization potential. 

Recently, several thermophilic organisms have been reported to be capable of sulfur-specific biodesulfurization. These include the Paenibacillus [87,151], Mycobacterium [30,31,85,94,294,295], etc. The ability to desulfurize sulfur compounds other than DBT derivatives, including benzothiophene, naphthothiophene, and benzonaphthothio-phene derivatives has also been demonstrated, thus widening the substrate specificity of the biodesulfurization process. Second, the thermophilic ability of the organisms offers temperature and operational advantages to further improve the commercialization potential of the BDS process. 

Desai JD, Banat IM (1997) Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61 47-64 Dickson KL, Giesy JP, Parrish R, Wolf L (1994) Summary and conclusions. In Hamelink JL, Landrum PF, Bergman HL, Benson WH (eds) Bioavailability physical, chemical, and biological interactions. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 221-230... 

I-. Steady-state operation is achieved by reduction of surface-bound Ru(III) back to Ru(II) through the oxidation of I-. Thus, chemical reactions mediate the generation of current and the overall process is simply the conversion of light to electrical current. It is believed that these cells hold considerable commercial potential, and since their development entails research in synthetic, electrochemical, photochemical, and inorganic chemistry, the commitment of intensive research to the area is understandable. The dynamics of several types of electron-transfer processes are central in the operation of these cells. 

While there was a growing number of non-soap detergents that either were already commercialized (as for use in laundry applications) or else had viable commercial potential, it was decided early on to limit the compositional search space to compositions using sodium acyl isethionates (SAI) as the primary surfactant. This decision was based on an early assessment of a prototype bar containing SAI which had been described in a 1952 French patent for which Unilever had acquired the rights [9], This prototype bar, with composition as described in Table 9.2-2, was referred to as the Monsavon bar. 

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