Placenta cells

PDGF is one of the most common serum components (40-60 ng/ml). It is also secreted by endothelial and placenta cells, and by several cell lines such as BHK and 3T3-fibroblasts. PDGF has synergetic action with EGF and IGF-1 and is a potent mitogen. 

No mutagenic effects of ethyl acetate, methanol, or aqueous extracts of saffron were observed in the Salmonella/micro-some assay using S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TAIOO with or without metabolic activation (Yamamoto et al. 1982). No mutagenic effects of a 2 1 chloroform-methanol extract of saffron were observed in pig kidney cells or in trophoblastic placenta cells treated at concentrations of 100 mg/plate (Rockwell and Raw 1979). 

J.T. Hidal, and M.M. Kaplan, Characteristics of thyroxine 5 -deiodination by cultured human placenta cells. Regulation by iodothyronines. J. Clin. Invest. 76 947 (1985). 

Detmar et al. (2008), when analyzing the effects of the PAHs present in the cigarette smoke on placenta cells of murine observed alterations in the cell death rates (decrease of the rates) and changes in the expression and in activity of the key proteins of the physiologic control of cell death (increase in the expression of the antiapoptotic levels and decrease of the proapoptotic levels). According to the authors, several PAHs are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR), a cellular sensor of xenbiotics responsible for the activation of the metabolic machinery that is involved in innumerous cellular process such as death, survival and cellular stress answers. 

Specific barriers may serve to limit dmg distribution. The placental barrier is of obvious importance to dmg action in the fetus. Dmg transfers across the placenta primarily by Hpid solubiHty. Hence, this barrier is not particularly restrictive. Similarly, the Hpid solubiHty of a dmg is a primary deterrninant in access to the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Generally, hydrophilic or charged dmgs can also penetrate to these latter areas, but the result is slow and incomplete. The blood brain barrier is composed of cells having tight junctions which are much less permeable to solutes than are the endotheHal cells of other tissues. 

Transport. Transcobalamin II dehvers the absorbed vitamin 3 2 to cells and is the primary plasma vitamin B22-binding transport protein. It is found in plasma, spinal fluid, semen, and extracellular fluid. Many cells, including the bone marrow, reticulocytes, and the placenta, contain surface receptor sites for the transcobalamin II—cobalamin complex. 

Hydroxy vitamin D pools ia the blood and is transported on DBF to the kidney, where further hydroxylation takes place at C-1 or C-24 ia response to calcium levels. l-Hydroxylation occurs primarily ia the kidney mitochondria and is cataly2ed by a mixed-function monooxygenase with a specific cytochrome P-450 (52,179,180). 1 a- and 24-Hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol has also been shown to take place ia the placenta of pregnant mammals and ia bone cells, as well as ia the epidermis. Low phosphate levels also stimulate 1,25-dihydtoxycholecalciferol production, which ia turn stimulates intestinal calcium as well as phosphoms absorption. It also mobilizes these minerals from bone and decreases their kidney excretion. Together with PTH, calcitriol also stimulates renal reabsorption of the calcium and phosphoms by the proximal tubules (51,141,181—183). 

Mutter-kraut, n. feverfew, -kuchen, m. placenta, -kummel, m. cumin, -lauge, /. mother liquor, -leib, m. womb, uterus, -neike, /. mother clove, -pech, n. Med.) meeonium. -pflanze, /, parent plant, -scheibe, /. Mach.) nut washer, -schliissel, m. nut wrench, -sicherung, /. Mach.) nut lock, -stoff, m, -substanz, /, mother substance, parent substance matrix, -ver-schluss, m. Mach.) nut lock, -zelle, /. mother cell, parent cell, -zimt, m. cassia. Mutung,/. claim, demand, concession. 

Endothelial cells are the major source of ET-1-synthesis. ET-1 is also produced by astrocytes, neurons, hepatocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, renal epithelial and mesangial cells. Physiological stimuli of ET-1-synthesis in endothelial cells are angiotensin II, catecholamines, thrombin, growth factors, insulin, hypoxia and shear stress. Inhibitors of ET-1 synthesis are atrial natriuretic peptide, prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin. ET-2 is mainly synthesized in kidney, intestine, myocardium and placenta and ET-3 is predominantely produced by neurons, astrocytes and renal epithelial cells. 

Epithelial calcium channel 1 (ECaCl), synonym TRJPV5, is a member ofthe TRP family of ion channels, implicated in vitamin D-dependent transcellular Ca2+ transport in epithelial cells ofthe kidney, placenta and the intestine. 

Expression (Human) Tissues Leukocytes, thymus, spleen, liver, ovary Cells PBLs, neutrophils,T-cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, leukocytes Tissues spleen, small intestine, placenta, lung smooth muscle, Cells bronchial smooth muscle, CD34+ hemapoietic progenitor cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, PBLs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells Tissues, heart, skeletal muscle, spleen, brain, lymp node, adrenal medulla, lung, human pumonary/ saphenous vein Cells monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, cardiac muscle, coronary artery, PBLs... 

MC3R is expressed both within the periphery and central nervous system (CNS) with detection in immune cells, gut, placenta but no detection in the adrenal gland or melanocytes. Unlike other MCR, most melanocortins (ACTHi 39, a-, (3- and y-MSH) display equipotent binding and full biological activity with truncated peptides, ACTH o and ACTH o MC3R... 

Endothelial NO Synthase (eNOS) expression is relatively specific for endothelial cells. However, the isozyme has also been detected in certain neurons of the brain, in syncytiotrophoblasts of human placenta and in LLC-PKi kidney tubular epithelial cells. 

P2Y6 Some epithelial cells, placenta, T cells, thymus UDP > UTP > > ATP, UDP 3S, IDP MRS2578 Gq/Gn PLC-p activation... 

High amounts of somatostatin are found in the CNS, the peripheral nervous system, the gut and the endocrine pancreas whereas the kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, submandibular glands, prostate and placenta produce rather low amounts. In particular, the hypothalamus, all limbic structures, the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex, the striatum, the periaqueductal central grey and all levels of the major sensoty pathway are brain areas that are especially rich in somatostatin. Eighty percent of the somatostatin immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus is found in cells of the anterior periventricular nucleus (Fig. 1, [1]). The gut 5 cells of the mucosa and neurons, which are intrinsic to the submucous and... 

TRPV5 and TRPV6, also known as the epithelial Ca2+ channel or ECaC (TRPV5) and Ca2+transporter 1 or Ca2+ transporter-like (TRPV6), are the only two Ca2+-selective TRP channels identified so far. They may function in vitamin D-dependent transcellular transport of Ca2+in kidney, intestine and placenta. TRPV6 is also expressed in pancreatic acinar cells, and in prostate cancer, but not in healthy prostate or in benign prostate hyperplasia. 

IgM Produced in the primary response to an antigen. Fixes complement. Does not cross the placenta. Antigen receptor on the surface of B cells. 

It has the ability to cross the placenta and therefore provides a major line of defence against infection for the newborn. This can be reinforced by transfer ofcolostral IgG across the gut mucosa of the neonate. It diffuses readily into the extravascular spaces where it can act in the neutralization of bacterial toxins and can bind to microorganisms enhancing the process of phagocytosis (opsonization). This is due to the presence on the phagocytic cell surface of a receptor for Fc. 

Humoral antibodies of the IgG elass are able to eross the placenta flxm mother to fetus. These antibodies will provide passive proteetion of the new-born against those diseases which involve humoral immunity and to which the mother is immune. In this fashion, new-born infants in the UK have passive proteetion against tetanus but not against tuberculosis which requires cell-mediated immunity. Seeretory antibodies are also passed to the new-born together with the first deliveries of breast milk (colostrum). Such antibodies provide some passive protection against infections of the gastrointestinal tract. 

Meanwhile we have shown that the excision activation of ICOR channels is due to disinhibition [72]. The respective inhibitor, operationally named cytosolic inhibitor (Cl), is present in the cytosol of placenta trophoblast cells HT29- and Tg4-colonic carcinoma cells and RE cells of normal and CF patients. The molecule has an apparent molecular weight of 700-1 500 Da it is amphiphilic heat stable and not digested by trypsin, proteases, nucleotidases, lipases or amylase [72]. Burc-khardt, Fromter and their collaborators [114] have confirmed our results and extracted a similar or identical Cl from kidney cortex. 

Ilback NG, Sundberg J, Oskarsson A. 1991. Methyl mercury exposure via placenta and milk impahs natural killer (NK) cell function in newborn rats. Toxicol Left 58 149-158. 

Once injured or activated by a toxic substance (e.g., bacterial toxins, placenta chemicals, snake venom, etc.), endothelial cells and monocytes respond by generating tissue factor on the cell surface. This, in turn, leads to the generation of tissue factor-factor Villa complexes, followed by unregulated and excessive generation of thrombin, fibrin, systemic microthrombi and consumption of coagulation factors,... 

Transplant with umbilical cord blood (UCB) offers an alternative stem cell source to patients who do not have an acceptable matched related or unrelated donor. When allogeneic hematopoietic cells are obtained from UCB, the cord blood is obtained from a consenting donor in the delivery room after birth and delivery of the placenta.32 The cord blood then is processed, a sample is sent for HLA typing, and the cord blood... 

Caffeine and almost all of its metabolites cross the placenta and diffuse into virtually all fetal tissues.12 Caffeine has been shown to produce chromosomal damage in mammalian cells.3 There is an increase in fetal mortality and morbidity when pregnant rats are fed caffeine in increasing doses.4... 

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