Piping equipment elevations

Maintenance shops—electric, piping, sheet metal, machine, welding. Raw-material and finished-product handling equipment—elevators, hoists. 

Fluids are moved through pipe, equipment, or the ambient atmosphere by pumps, fans, blowers, and compressors. Such devices increase the mechanical energy of the fluid. The energy increase may be used to increase the velocity, the pressure, or the elevation of the fluid. In the special case of liquid metals energy may be... 

The piping designer needs three essential source documents engineering flow diagrams, nomenclature, and equipment elevations. These documents are usually furnished by the piping analyst. 

Engineering flow diagrams do not present all the essential information for the piping designer. They do not include equipment elevations and insulation specifications, which may be obtained from the equipment elevation summary and from the nomenclature list. 

Liquid Flow Measurement. The requirement of accurate liquid flow measurement can also elevate process equipment (see Figure 7-8). If liquid is near the boiling point, a static head is required in the front of the control valve to overcome pipe friction losses and avoid flashing in the line. Minimum equipment elevation, orifice range and minimum line size can be used if the orifice is as close to the equipment as possible and the piping has only one elbow up to the control valve. 

Mining technicians use conveyors, drills, hand tools, pumps, pipes, valves, elevators, heavy equipment, and personal protective equipment. Exploration and development combine to form the preproduction stage of underground mining. During the exploration phase, newly... 

After the bent spacing, rack width, and number of levels are established, the elevation of the levels must be set. As discussed in Chapter 2, the plant layout designer must know the minimum clearances to set the elevations. Plant roads, type of mobile equipment, and equipment located beneath the pipe rack can influence the pipe rack elevation. Usually, space is allowed below the pipe rack for equipment, with a minimum clearance of 10 ft (3,050 mm). 

Corrosion Resistant Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP). Fiber glass reinforcement bonded with furfuryl alcohol thermosetting resias provides plastics with unique properties. Excellent resistance to corrosion and heat distortion coupled with low flame spread and low smoke emission are characteristics that make them valuable as laminating resins with fiber glass (75,76). Another valuable property of furan FRP is its strength at elevated temperature. Hand-layup, spray-up, and filament-win ding techniques are employed to produce an array of corrosion-resistant equipment, pipes, tanks, vats, ducts, scmbbers, stacks, and reaction vessels for industrial appHcations throughout the world. 

Piperack is the elevated supporting stmcture used to convey piping between equipment. This stmcture is also utilized for cable trays associated with electric power distribution and for instmment trays. 

Fig. 3. Rough layout sketch (/) the two fined heaters F-1 and F-2 are located together but are separated from the other equipment with a subpipeway connecting the process area to the heater area (2) the reboiler E-2 is located adjacent to its column, T-1. The preheat exchanger E-4 is located adjacent to tower T-3 (J) the elevated overhead condenser E-3 is located next to the overhead accumulator V-1. Also, the ain condenser EE-3 is located adjacent to its overhead accumulator V-2 (4) the rest of the ain coolers (EE-1—3, -5) are grouped together ia a common fan stmcture (5) all equipment and related piping is routed to and from the existing piperack saving the addition of a new piperack (6) all pumps (P-1—P-6) are located ia a row under the piperack, and each...

When alloy piping or large bore piping is required, the associated equipment is located together as much as possible to keep the pipe mns short, preferably nozzle-to-nozzle by avoiding the piperack. Items such as elevated overhead condensers are located near the source and destination. Similarly, thermosyphon reboHers need to be placed adjacent to the column they reboH. Where gravity flow is required, these lines must be kept short and sloped. Space allocation for future additions must also be considered. 

Whenever a change in piping direction occurs, the elevation of the pipe mn should also change. If the main piperack is at an elevation of 4 m, then the lateral piping can either go up to 5 m or drop down to 3 m. The piperack can also provide the support for air coolers and other equipment such as elevated dmms. 

Figure 12 shows the plan and elevation views of a process unit piping (9). A dmm is supported off the piperack. Heat exchangers are located far enough back from the support columns so that they are accessible and their shell covers can be removed. Pumps are located underneath the piperack, but sufficient room is provided for maintenance equipment to access the motors and to remove the pump if necessary. The motor is always oriented away from the process equipment and located on that side of the piperack. Instmment valve drops are shown supported from the columns. The instmment trays themselves mn on the outside of the support columns. Flat turns are only made from the outside position of the piperack. Nozzle-to-nozzle pipe mns are made whenever possible. Larger lines are located on the outside of the piperack. Connections to nozzles above the rack are made from the top... 

Carbon disulfide is normally stored and handled in mild steel equipment. Tanks and pipes are usually made from steel. Valves are typically cast-steel bodies with chrome steel trim. Lead is sometimes used, particularly for pressure reUef disks. Copper and copper alloys are attacked by carbon disulfide and must be avoided. Carbon disulfide Hquid and vapor become very corrosive to iron and steel at temperatures above about 250°C. High chromium stainless steels, glass, and ceramics maybe suitable at elevated temperatures. 

Chlorosulfuric acid attacks brass, bronze, lead, and most other nonferrous metals. From a corrosion standpoint, carbon steel and cast Hon are acceptable below 35°C provided color and Hon content is not a concern. Stainless steels (300-series) and certain aluminum alloys are acceptable materials of constmction, as is HasteUoy. Glass, glass-lined steel, or Teflon-lined piping and equipment are the preferred materials at elevated temperatures and/or high velocities or where trace Hon contamination is a problem, such as in the synthetic detergent industry. 

The thermal stabiUty of epoxy phenol—novolak resins is useful in adhesives, stmctural and electrical laminates, coatings, castings, and encapsulations for elevated temperature service (Table 3). Filament-wound pipe and storage tanks, liners for pumps and other chemical process equipment, and corrosion-resistant coatings are typical appHcations using the chemically resistant properties of epoxy novolak resins. 

Also in the long term, the equipment loses its eflicieney, and replacement parts are substituted in a maintenance function. Also, the plant goes through production expansions and contractions new equipment is added into the pipes. In short, the system and its elevations and pressures, its resistances and velocities, are very dynamic. The BEP of the pump is static. 

The total piping system pressure drop for a particular pipe installation is the sum of the friction drop in pipe valves and fittings, plus other pressure losses (drops) through control valves, plus drop through equipment in the system, plus static drop due to elevation or pressure level. For example, see Figure 2-2. 

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