Corrosion resistance equipment

Corrosion Resistant Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP). Fiber glass reinforcement bonded with furfuryl alcohol thermosetting resias provides plastics with unique properties. Excellent resistance to corrosion and heat distortion coupled with low flame spread and low smoke emission are characteristics that make them valuable as laminating resins with fiber glass (75,76). Another valuable property of furan FRP is its strength at elevated temperature. Hand-layup, spray-up, and filament-win ding techniques are employed to produce an array of corrosion-resistant equipment, pipes, tanks, vats, ducts, scmbbers, stacks, and reaction vessels for industrial appHcations throughout the world. 

Gold and gold-based alloys ate used for corrosion-resistant equipment. Gold—platinum alloys, 75 Au-25 Pt or 84 Au-15 Pt-1 Rh, ate used as cmcible material for many molten salts (98). Spinnerets for rayon manufacture ate based on the Au—Pt system which exhibits a broad miscibility gap in the soHd state so that the alloys can be age-hardened. Spinneret alloys contain 30—40% or mote platinum modified by small additions of usually rhodium (99). Either gold or gold—platinum alloys ate used in mpture disks for service with corrosive gases (100). 

Carbonates ate manufactured by essentially the same method as chloroformates except that more alcohol is required in addition to longer reaction times and higher temperatures. The products are neutralized, washed, and distilled. Corrosion-resistant equipment similar to that described for the manufacture of chloroformates is requited. Diaryl carbonates are prepared from phosgene and two equivalents of the sodium phenolates or with phenols and various... 

Side reactions can be kept at a minimum. Special corrosion-resistant equipment is not as necessary as in the case of some soluble catalysts. 

Laurence J Craigie, B S>Chem. Composite Resources, LLC industry consultant in regulatory, manufacturing, and business needs for the composite industry Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Chairman RTP Corrosion Resistant Equipment Committee) Member, American Society of Testing and Materials Member, National Association of Corrosion Engineers International Member, Composite Fabricators of America (received President s Award) (Reinforced Thermosetting Plastie)... 

Durcon. A series of cast, plastic, epoxy formulations manufd by the Duriron Co for use in corrosion resistant equipment such as pumps, valves, fans and others Ref CondChemDiet (1961), p426... 

Poly (3,3-Bis(Chloromethyl)Oxetane) This is marketed by Hercules as Penton chlorinated polyether. Its thermal, flame, and chemical resistance are used primarily for corrosion-resistant equipment in the process industries, such as valves, fittings, pumps, meters, and linings for steel pipe and tanks, for service in many corrosive atmospheres up to 250°F. or higher. At 4.50/pound, growth possibilities appear limited by increasing competition from lower-cost materials. 

All fluoroplastics except polyietrafluiiruetliylune can be processed using melt techniques commonly applicable to thermoplastics. Processing temperatures are somewhat higher than normally used with other thermoplastics and corrosion-resistant equipment is required to resist the corrosive effects of the molten polymer,... 

Reaction vessels, spark plugs, electrical resistors, electron tubes, corrosion-resistant equipment, ball mills and grinders, food-processing equipment, piping, valves, pumps, and laboratory ware. 

Epoxy vinyl ester resins are a special class of unsaturated resin. This resin is made by capping an epoxy resin with methacrylic acid and then dissolving in styrene monomer to the desired viscosity. This gives mechanical properties similar to epoxy resins, but the processibility (low viscosity allowing for resin infusion processes) of an unsaturated polyester resin. As with unsaturated vinyl esters, the most common fire retardant vinyl ester resin is based on a resin made from a halogenated system, tetrabromobisphenol A. The level of bromine in the resin and the presence of antimony will determine the fire performance of the resin. These resins are normally used for corrosion resistant equipment or when fire performance and high mechanical properties are required. It is very difficult to get a low smoke value with a brominated vinyl ester resin again due to the fact that bromine... 

Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion Resistant Equipment, ASME, NY ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (for fiber-reinforced plastic pressure vessels)... 

Fluoroboric acid is produced commercially by the reaction of 70% hydrofluoric acid with boric acid. Fluoroborate solutions must be treated like hydrofluoric acid and handled in corrosion resistant equipment consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, or neoprene-type rubber. The major use of fluoroboric acid is as an intermediate in the preparation of fluoroborate salts. It is also used in electroplating aluminum and in metal cleaning operations. 

While these techniques are widely used, they do not provide sufficient purity. Liquid phase purification is not an environmentally friendly process and requires corrosion-resistant equipment, as well as costly waste disposal processes. Alternative dry chemistry approaches, such as catalyst-assisted oxidation or ozone-eiuiched air oxidation, also require the use of aggressive substances or supplementary catalysts, which result in an additional contamination. Moreover, in many previous studies trial and error rather than insight and theory approaches have been applied. As a result, a lack of understanding and limited process control often lead to extensive sample losses of up to 90%. Because oxidation in air would be a controllable and enviromnentaUy friendly process, selective purification of carbon nanomaterials, such as CNT and ND, in air is very attractive. In contrast to current purification techniques, air oxidation does not require the use of toxic or aggressive chemicals, catalysts, or inhibitors and opens avenues for numerous new applications of carbon nanomaterials. 

The amount of hafnium-free zirconium used in nuclear applications is much smaller than the ordinary commercial uses of zirconium metal and compounds, for which costly removal of hafnium is not required. Zirconium metal is used in corrosion-resistant equipment for chemical... 

Nickel is a constituent of many metal alloys (e.g., Ni-Cr-Fe alloys for cooking utensils and corrosion-resistant equipment Ni-Cu alloys for food processing, chemical, and petroleum equipment, and for coinage Ni-Al alloys for magnets and aircraft parts Ni-Cr alloys for heating elements, gas-turbines, and jet-engines). Alloys of nickel with zinc, manganese, cobalt, titanium, and molybdenum are used for special industrial purposes, and alloys of nickel with precious metals are used for jewelry. 

Sea Water. To conserve fresh water, coastal chemical plants use sea water for cooling. That means higher fixed costs for corrosion-resistant equipment, but operating economies often compensate for this. Recirculated fresh water can be bottled up in a closed system and cooled with sea water. Conversion of sea water, either by ion exchange or distillation, is too costly for industrial use, approximating 0.80 to 1.30 per 1,000 gal. 

Building panels, translucent sheet, corrosion-resistant equipment, thermal insulation... 

The vinyl ester class of resins was developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Vinyl esters were first used as dental fillings, replacing acrylic materials that were being used at that time. Over the next several years, changes in the molecular structure of the vinyl esters produced resins that foimd extensive use in corrosion-resistant equipment. 

A number of synthetic rubbers and elastomeric materials have been developed with special characteristics that extend the overall usefulness of the elastomers for corrosion-resistant equipment. In addition, polymers of ethylene and propylene have been developed with elastomeric properties. Like natural rubber, each of these may be compounded in several ways for maximum resistance to specific chemical exposures. Natural rubber and other elastomers are frequently used in combination with brick linings for temperature conditions that are above those allowed for elastomer material alone. They have proved to be excellent membrane linings for such construction. 

In another process 117], 118) the same reactants are used, except at a higher temperature to take advantege of the oxidizing power of nitric add. In a complex process writh exotic corrosion-resistant equipment, chlorine is produced as a byproduct with the potassium nitrate. The process flowsheet is given in Figure 15.10. 

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