Pipe elevations

Drill pipe elevators for taper shoulder and square shoulder weld-on tool joints shall have bore dimensions as specified in Table 4-6. 

Drill Pipe Elevator Bores (All dimensions In Inches) [9]... 

Figure 4-26a. Casing, tubing, and drill pipe elevators, side door elevators [10].

Figure 6 Cloud footprint to an atmospheric concentration of 20 ppm resulting from the rupture of a 50-mm-diameter chlorine pipe containing either chlorine liquid or chlorine vapor. Release conditions Complete rupture of pipe without shutoff, pipe elevation is 5 m above grade, wind speed is 5 m/sec, atmospheric stability class D, 20 ppm is the Emergency Response Planning Guideline-3 (ERPG-3) concentration for chlorine, the concentration at which life-threatening effects might result from exposure for 1 hour.

At 5 gpm, required pumping time at each pipe elevation is 16 = 5 = 3 + min. For optimum uniformity of penetration, gel time should not exceed half the pumping time. Use 11 to 2 minutes. 

Multiplying Equations 3-16, 3-17, 3-18, and 3-19 by the total length between two points and adding the pipe elevation yields the overall pressure drop. 

If a building (control house, pump house) is located under the main yard piping, elevations will be higher than without a building. Clearances in the building, pitching of the roof, steel structures and pipe line clearances will affect the yard height. 

Sometimes it may be desirable to have the outlet pipe elevated above the bottom of the sump in order to prevent solids or polymers from leaving in the column bottom (one example is shown later in Fig. 10.6a). This arrangement can be troublesome because it forms... 

In the interwar years, moreover, the indoor environment in which the professional middle class dwelt and labored had materially changed from the conditions that had inspired pubhc health reformer s zeal for fresh air. Office buildings were heated with steam radiators, not coal, and were supphed with electricity that powered hghting and fans, thereby clearing the indoor air of its former smoke and soot. In the skyscrapers that now spiked downtowns, mechanical services of pipes, elevators, and wiring were modern engineering feats in themselves. Outside, downtown streets were crowded and polluted—there was less fresh air for ventilation to bring in. 

Corrosion Resistant Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP). Fiber glass reinforcement bonded with furfuryl alcohol thermosetting resias provides plastics with unique properties. Excellent resistance to corrosion and heat distortion coupled with low flame spread and low smoke emission are characteristics that make them valuable as laminating resins with fiber glass (75,76). Another valuable property of furan FRP is its strength at elevated temperature. Hand-layup, spray-up, and filament-win ding techniques are employed to produce an array of corrosion-resistant equipment, pipes, tanks, vats, ducts, scmbbers, stacks, and reaction vessels for industrial appHcations throughout the world. 

Integral-type pipe attachments in elevated temperature service are subjected to the same design, material, fabrication, and inspection requirements as the pipe to which they are attached. 

Piperack is the elevated supporting stmcture used to convey piping between equipment. This stmcture is also utilized for cable trays associated with electric power distribution and for instmment trays. 

Fig. 3. Rough layout sketch (/) the two fined heaters F-1 and F-2 are located together but are separated from the other equipment with a subpipeway connecting the process area to the heater area (2) the reboiler E-2 is located adjacent to its column, T-1. The preheat exchanger E-4 is located adjacent to tower T-3 (J) the elevated overhead condenser E-3 is located next to the overhead accumulator V-1. Also, the ain condenser EE-3 is located adjacent to its overhead accumulator V-2 (4) the rest of the ain coolers (EE-1—3, -5) are grouped together ia a common fan stmcture (5) all equipment and related piping is routed to and from the existing piperack saving the addition of a new piperack (6) all pumps (P-1—P-6) are located ia a row under the piperack, and each...

When alloy piping or large bore piping is required, the associated equipment is located together as much as possible to keep the pipe mns short, preferably nozzle-to-nozzle by avoiding the piperack. Items such as elevated overhead condensers are located near the source and destination. Similarly, thermosyphon reboHers need to be placed adjacent to the column they reboH. Where gravity flow is required, these lines must be kept short and sloped. Space allocation for future additions must also be considered. 

The location of the pipe in the rack is selected to minimize the congestion and eliminate line crossing. If a process line connects two nozzles which are elevated higher than the piperack, then the upper level of the rack is used. Similarly, if the nozzles are both below the piperack, then the lower level rack is used. Other cases in which one nozzle is below and the other above use the least congested part of the piperack. Lines with valves are more easily accessed from the upper level, but require an access platform. 

Whenever a change in piping direction occurs, the elevation of the pipe mn should also change. If the main piperack is at an elevation of 4 m, then the lateral piping can either go up to 5 m or drop down to 3 m. The piperack can also provide the support for air coolers and other equipment such as elevated dmms. 

Figure 12 shows the plan and elevation views of a process unit piping (9). A dmm is supported off the piperack. Heat exchangers are located far enough back from the support columns so that they are accessible and their shell covers can be removed. Pumps are located underneath the piperack, but sufficient room is provided for maintenance equipment to access the motors and to remove the pump if necessary. The motor is always oriented away from the process equipment and located on that side of the piperack. Instmment valve drops are shown supported from the columns. The instmment trays themselves mn on the outside of the support columns. Flat turns are only made from the outside position of the piperack. Nozzle-to-nozzle pipe mns are made whenever possible. Larger lines are located on the outside of the piperack. Connections to nozzles above the rack are made from the top... 

Carbon disulfide is normally stored and handled in mild steel equipment. Tanks and pipes are usually made from steel. Valves are typically cast-steel bodies with chrome steel trim. Lead is sometimes used, particularly for pressure reUef disks. Copper and copper alloys are attacked by carbon disulfide and must be avoided. Carbon disulfide Hquid and vapor become very corrosive to iron and steel at temperatures above about 250°C. High chromium stainless steels, glass, and ceramics maybe suitable at elevated temperatures. 

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