Phenols sources, industrial

Although coal tar is still an industrial source of phenol and the three cresols (methylphenols), e.g. m-cresol (2), and the dimethyl derivatives (xylenols), synthetically manufactured material predominates. 

Phenols of enviromnental interest are derived from a wide variety of industrial sources, or present as biodegradation products of humic substances, tannins, and lignins, and as degradation products of many chlorinated phenoxyacid herbicides and organophosphorous pesticides. Phenols, especially chlorophenols, are persistent, and toxic at a few pg/1. Therefore, phenols are hsted at the US-EPA hst of priority pollutants and the EU Directive 76/464/EEC as dangerous substances. The samples to be analysed can be surface waters or industrial effluents. 

The significance of the reaction of phenol with hydrogen has a number of important facets. First, the selective hydrogenation of phenol yields cyclohexanone, which is a key raw material in the production of both caprolactam for nylon 6 and adipic acid for nylon 6 . Second, due to the fact that phenol is an environmental toxin and phenolic waste has a variety of origins from industrial sources including oil refineries, petrochemical units, polymeric resin manufacturing and plastic units , catalytic hydrogenation of phenol is nowadays the best practicable environmental option . ... 

The appearance of simple phenolic compounds in water points to pollution stemming from industrial sources, such as manufacturers of dyes, drugs, antioxidants, pulp and paper, or may be the result of pesticide application. The presence of certain phenols in... 

Parti cel board contains between 6-8 wt% UFR (2,3). In 1984 the annual production of UF-bonded particleboard was 5.5 million cubic meters (3.1 billion square feet on a 3/4 inch base) in the U.S. alone. 70% of this board was used in furniture, cabinet construction and fixtures 20% was used in conventional home construction, and 10% in the manufacture of mobile homes. According to industry sources(, in the fall of 1985 90% of the total annual production was capaole of meeting the 0.3 ppm air chamber limit set by HUD for manufactured housing stock (5). The production of UF-bonded particleboard involved 48 plants in the US. Only two plants made phenolic particleboard and only one plant produced isocyanate bonded parti cel board. 

ORIGIN/INDUSTRY SOURCES/USES dyestuffs manufacture of phenols, aniline, cumene, DDT, chloronitrobenzenes, o-and p- dichlorobenzene insecticides adhesives paints polishes waxes pharmaceuticals textiles dry cleaning surface coatings tar and grease remover surface coating removers natural rubbers heat transfer medium... 

ORIGIN/INDUSTRY SOURCES/USES organic synthesis manufacture of fungicides, slimicides, bactericides, pesticides, herbicides, disinfectants, wood and glue preservatives in production of phenolic resins extraction of minerals from coal denaturant for ethanol antiseptic disinfectant... 

ORIGIN/INDUSTRY SOURCES/USES from coal tar fractionation and coal processing intermediate in manufacturing of phenolic antioxidants pharmaceuticals plastics resins disinfectants solvents insecticides fungicides rubber chemicals polyphenylene oxide dyestuffs cresylic acid constituent wetting agent additive of lubricants and gasoline... 

Phenolic compounds and especially their chlorinated derivatives are important water pollutants that are present in wastewater discharged from a variety of industrial sources. A fast method for direct determination of phenols in wastewater based on solid-phase extraction coupled online to a flow injection manifold has been developed. The phenol... 

That zeolites having higher BET surface area showed greater retention for bisphenol A. In addition, the uptake of bisphenol A was improved slightly in the presence of NaCl and was enhanced at a low temperature [2]. Phenols are toxic compoxmd coming from a variety of industrial sources, such as pesticides, dyes, and paper industries, coke and resin manufacturing, textile, plastic, rubber, pharmaceutical, and petroleum production. A study reported that Bisphenol A uptake increased at alkaline pH conditions, which enabled the formation of bisphenolate anion. The preferred... 

Humans consume and pollute large quantities of water. Chapter 6 through Chapter 26 cover injurious or toxic substances of domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources halogens, sulphur compounds, phosphates, cyanides, asbestos, heavy and other metals, silicon compounds, nitrogen compounds, organic acids, phenolic substances, humic matter, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fimgicides, PCBs, PCDFs, PCDDs, PAHs, VOCs, surfactants, EDCs, and plastics residues. 

The catecholase activity also has important applications, since this activity can be used in the analysis of phenols and its derivatives. Phenolic pollutants are frequently found in surface waters and in the effluent of industrial discharge sources. Some of the industrial sources of phenol discharge include oil refineries, coke and coal conversion plants, plastics and petrochemical companies, dyes, textiles, timber, mining, and the pulp and paper industries. Virtually all phenols are toxic. Moreover, they have a high oxygen demand and can deplete... 

Ammonia is used in the fibers and plastic industry as the source of nitrogen for the production of caprolactam, the monomer for nylon 6. Oxidation of propylene with ammonia gives acrylonitrile (qv), used for the manufacture of acryHc fibers, resins, and elastomers. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), produced from ammonia and formaldehyde, is used in the manufacture of phenoHc thermosetting resins (see Phenolic resins). Toluene 2,4-cHisocyanate (TDI), employed in the production of polyurethane foam, indirectly consumes ammonia because nitric acid is a raw material in the TDI manufacturing process (see Amines Isocyanates). Urea, which is produced from ammonia, is used in the manufacture of urea—formaldehyde synthetic resins (see Amino resins). Melamine is produced by polymerization of dicyanodiamine and high pressure, high temperature pyrolysis of urea, both in the presence of ammonia (see Cyanamides). 

Until the late 1890s, coumarin was obtained commercially from only natural sources by extraction from tonka beans and deer tongue. Then synthetic methods of preparation and industrial manufacturing processes were discovered and developed starting principally from o-cresol, phenol, and sahcylaldehyde. Various methods can be used to obtain coumarin from each of these starting materials. 

Sources of Raw Materials. Coal tar results from the pyrolysis of coal (qv) and is obtained chiefly as a by-product in the manufacture of coke for the steel industry (see Coal, carbonization). Products recovered from the fractional distillation of coal tar have been the traditional organic raw material for the dye industry. Among the most important are ben2ene (qv), toluene (qv), xylene naphthalene (qv), anthracene, acenaphthene, pyrene, pyridine (qv), carba2ole, phenol (qv), and cresol (see also Alkylphenols Anthraquinone Xylenes and ethylbenzenes). 

Until the mid-1950s the main raw material source for the European plastics industry was coal. On destructive distillation coal yields four products coal tar, coke, coal gas and ammonia. Coal tar was an important source of aromatic chemicals such as benzene, toluene, phenol, naphthalene and related products. From these materials other chemicals such as adipic acid, hexamethylenedia-mine, caprolactam and phthalic anhydride could be produced, leading to such important plastics as the phenolic resins, polystyrene and the nylons. 

While discussing ethers we should mention that the presence of unreacted anisoles or methyl anisoles is highly undesirable in the manufacture of phenol-formaldehyde resoles. These materials tend to be unreactive relative to phenol under normal resole conditions. They are also volatile and have odors detectable at very low concentrations. They have been the source of worker complaints and costly claims in the wood products industry. Benzophenones and methyl phenyl ketones are also common phenol contaminants that are problematic in this regard. 

Before the advent of the petrochemical industry carbocyclic aromatic compounds, such as naphthalene, phenol, and pyridine, provided the source of many important industrial chemicals including dyestuffs, while the monocyclic compounds continue to play an important role as fuels and starting materials. 

There are several chemical compounds found in the waste waters of a wide variety of industries that must be removed because of the danger they represent to human health. Among the major classes of contaminants, several aromatic molecules, including phenols and aromatic amines, have been reported. Enzymatic treatment has been proposed by many researchers as an alternative to conventional methods. In this respect, PX has the ability to coprecipitate certain difficult-to-remove contaminants by inducing the formation of mixed polymers that behave similarly to the polymeric products of easily removable contaminants. Thus, several types of PX, including HRP C, LiP, and a number of other PXs from different sources, have been used for treatment of aqueous aromatic contaminants and decolorization of dyes. Thus, LiP was shown to mineralize a variety of recalcitrant aromatic compounds and to oxidize a number of polycyclic aromatic and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, MnP and a microbial PX from Coprinus macrorhizus have also been observed to catalyze the oxidation of several monoaromatic phenols and aromatic dyes (Hamid and Khalil-ur-Rehman 2009). 

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