Phenol formaldehyde resole

While discussing ethers we should mention that the presence of unreacted anisoles or methyl anisoles is highly undesirable in the manufacture of phenol-formaldehyde resoles. These materials tend to be unreactive relative to phenol under normal resole conditions. They are also volatile and have odors detectable at very low concentrations. They have been the source of worker complaints and costly claims in the wood products industry. Benzophenones and methyl phenyl ketones are also common phenol contaminants that are problematic in this regard. 

AmbersoU STI37 para-octy phenol-formaldehyde resole 30 0... 

Phenol-formaldehyde resole resins, preparations of, 429 Phenolic-based networks, 376 Phenolic compounds, 62 Phenolic cyanate resins, 418... 

A Statistical study of phenol-formaldehyde resol resin synthesis reaction... 

J. Monni, R Niemela, L. Alvila and T.T. Rakkanen, Online monitoring of synthesis and curing of phenol-formaldehyde resol resins by Raman spectroscopy. Polymer, 49, 3865-3874 (2008). 

Figure 1. Representation of a branched phenol-formaldehyde resole resin...

Phenolic resins for plywood are typically caustic-catalyzed phenol-formaldehyde resoles. Typical resins are water solutions containing 40-44 percent resin solids composed of 23 - 25 percent phenol, 5-7 percent sodium hydroxide and 10 - 12 percent formaldehyde. The ratio of formaldehyde to phenol in a resin has a decided effect on performance characteristics as does the synthesis procedure used in manufacturing the resin. 

In cold-set applications, the cost of resorcinol as a commercial commodity has led to its well-known grafting onto phenol-formaldehyde resols to provide... 

Including 4-bromophenol in the phenol-formaldehyde resol system impacts the cross-link density of the cured product. In a systematic study of this copolymer, a comparison was made among the polymers obtained using phenol only, a 9 1 mole ratio of phenol to 4-bromophenol and a 1 1 mole ratio of phenol to 4-bromophenol. Comparisons included measurement of interlaminar shear strength and cone calorimetry tests of composites prepared using these phenolic resins and S2-glass fiber plain weave. 

KI1 Kim, M.G., Nieh, W.L., Sellers, T., Wilson, W.W., and Mays, J.W., Polymer solution properties of a phenol-formaldehyde resol resin by gel permeation ehromatography, intrinsic viscosity, static hght scattering, and vapor pressure osmometric methods,/wJ. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, 973,1992. 

Figure 10 The infrared spectrum of a phenol-formaldehyde (resol) adhesive.

Carrott, M. J. and Davidson, G. Separation and characterisation of phenol-formaldehyde (resol) prepolymers using packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography with APCl mass sp>ectrometric detection. Analyst, 124, 993,1999. 

Journal of Applied Polymer Science 69, No. 11, 12th Sept. 1998, p.2175-85 IR SPECTROSCOPY AS A QUANTITATIVE AND PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS METHOD OF PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESOL RESINS Holopainen T Alvila L Rainio J Pakkanen T T Joensuu,University Dynoresin Oy... 

The melamine- and urea-formaldehyde resins are also called amino resins (118). The phenol-formaldehyde resoles are often called phenolic resins, which is rather easily confused with phenolic-terminated cross-linkers such as novolacs and bisphenol A terminated resins. 

They are also formulated with phenol—formaldehyde resole and nsed as interior coatings in the new two-piece food can plants in the United States. 

A low emission, waterborne phenol formaldehyde resole for general impregnating applications including paper, glass and carbon fibres... 

An industrial phenol formaldehyde resole resin/catalyst system specifically developed for filament winding but also suitable for pultrusion, RTM and hand-lay in the manufacture of products offering superior flame resistance with low smoke generation as required in many sectors of the aerospace, construction and mass transportation markets. 

More details on the reaction rates and structures produced in a phenol-formaldehyde resole resin has been obtained in a carbon-13 NMR and gel permeation chromatography (gpc) study [34]. In this study an alkaline resole resin typrint of the wood products binder industry was prepared as described in preparation 2-8 below and samples withdrawn at various stages for analyses by NMR and GPC. Details of the analysis are described in the referenced paper, and the reader is referred to this... 

Wattle tannin-based plywood adhesives were also crosslinked with 10% to 20% (by weight of solids) of either a phenol-formaldehyde resol or a phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer with approximately 20% resorcinol, to which paraformaldehyde was added to provide crosslinking between the resorcinol and... 

Cresol-, xylenol-, and phenol-formaldehyde resoles find importance in the electronics field application. These materials are made flexible with PVB, PVF and alkyds. They are used in impregnating, dynamo sheet, and wire varnish applications. 

Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resins (Moult, 1977 Dick, 1987) - Resorcinol adhesives are eondensation products of resorcinol with formaldehyde or various phenol-formaldehyde resoles. Most of the adhesives manufaetured are of the second type due to their lower cost. Resorcinol is much more reactive with formaldehyde dian phenol since it has two meta hydroxyl groups. The two groups reinforce eaeh other in their activation of the ortho and para positions of the benzene ring. To make stable resorcinol/formaldehyde resins which do not gel on aging, 0.5 to 0.7 moles of formaldehyde is added per mole of resorcinol. At the time of use, some additional formaldehyde is added and... 

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