Hydrocarbon family

For the purposes of this book, only the prefixes from 1- to 10-carbon chains will be considered. Those compounds that have more than four carbons are usually liquids and will be discussed in Chapter 5, Flammable Liquids. A system for naming compounds with more than 10 carbons is located in the Appendix, page 416 under the lUPAC System. 

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Mass spectrometry allows analysis by hydrocarbon family for a variety of petroleum cuts as deep as vacuum distillates since we have seen that the molecules must be vaporized. The study of vacuum residues can be conducted by a method of direct introduction which we will address only briefly because the quantitative aspects are ek r metiy difficult to master. Table 3.6 gives some examples the matrices used differ according to the distillation cut and the chemical content such as the presence or absence of olefins or sulfur. 

Use of Ultra Violet Spectrometty to Obtain Distribution by Hydrocarbon Families... 

The aromaUc extracts are sought mainly tor their solvent power. They are characterized particularly by componential analyses such as the separation according to hydrocarbon family by liquid phase chromatography. 

Hydrocarbon families NFT 60-155 ASTM D 2007 Chromatography on clay and silica gel... 

From complex cuts characterized in an overall manner, there is a transition towards mixtures containing only a limited number of hydrocarbon families or even compounds. This development has only just begun. It affects for the moment only certain products and certain geographical zones. It is leading gradually to a different view of both refining and the characterization of petroleum products. 

The average error for paraffins up to Ci and other hydrocarbon families up to Cii is about 0.015 mVkmole. if estimated values of andP are used, errors may be higher. 

Benzene derivatives. Tbe nomenclature is a combination of the lUPAC system and traditional names. Many of the derivatives are named by the substituent group appearing as the prefbt. These may be considered a subclass of the aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon family, which contains both aliphatic and aromatic units in its structures. Thus, alkylbenzenes are made up of a benzene ring and alkane units alkenylbenzenes are Composed of a benzene ring and alkene units and alkynylbenzenes comprise a benzene ring and alkyne units. Examples of alkylbenzenes include... 

The versatility in the construction of dendritic macromolecules, and the unique advantages offered by a controlled step-wise approach, are perhaps best illustrated by the all hydrocarbon family of arylacetylenic dendrimers devel-... 

Restricting our discussion to the hydrocarbon family of cycloannelated aromatics, we can exclude heteroatom effects and focus on ring currents. 

The classes listed in Table 1-12 are families which exhibit the same regularity of boiling points, melting points, densities, and other properties seen in the hydrocarbon families we have already studied. Some of the families are named with characteristic suffixes while others have prefixes, or even separate words-in the names. For instance, alcohols are named with the suffix -ol. Ketones are named with the suffix -one. Amine and nitriles are named with the full suffix according to the family name. Ethers and halides usually have the full family name as a separate word, and nitro- and organometallic compounds have the prefix nitro- or the prefix corresponding to the hydrocarbon part of the organometallic molecule. 

Related Calculations. This procedure may be used to estimate the critical temperature of hydrocarbons containing a single family of compounds, as shown in Table 1.1. Tests of the equation on paraffins in the range C1-C20 and various other hydrocarbon families in the range C3-C14 have shown average and maximum deviations of about 6.5 and 35°F (3.6 and 19 K), respectively. 

Methylenecyclopropene (triafulvene) is the simplest member of the cross-conjugated, non-alternant, hydrocarbon family known as the fulvenes. Strong polarization of the tc-system might be expected for such a structure and extensive efforts have been made... 

We are currently exploring the electronic, magnetic, and structural characteristics of several new members of this cyclic hydrocarbon family. Symmetric and asymmetric systems, with rings of different size at each side, are showing an increased stability due to the size and symmetry of these hydrocarbons. 

Each of the hydrocarbon families has members that are cyclic hydrocarbons, (a) What is a cychc hydrocarbon (b) Write the structural formula of one example of each of the following (i) cycloalkene (ii) cycloalkane and (iii) cycloalkyne. 

Methane and ethane are the most abundant and the least reactive members of the hydrocarbon family, and their selective conversion to useful chemical products is of great scientific, as well as practical, interest. This review highlights some of the recent advances in the area of low temperature, catalytic, activation and functionalization of methane and ethane. Particular emphasis has been placed on C-H and C-C activation processes leading to the formation of oxygenates. 

With all the bifunctional Pt and Pd catalysts the reaction products were Cs cyclic hydrocarbons (family 1), C12 bicyclic hydrocarbons (family 2), cyclohexenyl-cyclohexanone isomers (famdly 3), 2-cyclohexylcyclohexanone (4), insaturated C12 bicyclic alcohols and ketones (family 5) and tricyclic compounds (family 6). The reactions involved in the product formation on Pt and Pd zeolites are indicated in the following scheme ... 

The lower selectivity of PtHFAU catalysts is due to the very rapid formation of Ce cyclic hydrocarbons (family 1). The same trend has been found in the case of acetone transformation [3]. This can be explained by the lower activity of the palladium relatively to the platinum to hydrogenate the C=0 bond. This lower activity which has been found in the case of cyclohexanone hydrogenation on platinum group metals was explained by a weaker adsorption of the ketone on Pd in comparison with Pt and Ru [9]. 

As noted in the introduction, these techniques provide us with a powerful tool for directly evaluating the transferability of force constants and the corresponding similarity of intramolecular forces in different molecular environments. To demonstrate this, we present the results of a torsional analysis in propane" (Figure 14). In this case there are two types of 1-4 interactions H" H and H -C. The first question to be asked with respect to the 1-4 H—H interaction is, as stated above, whether it is the same as in ethane, i.e., transferable even within the homologous hydrocarbon family. Along with the similarity between the two molecules there is also the difference that in propane, unlike ethane, there is no plane of symmetry that coincides with the dihedral plane at Thh = 0- This point deserves some special attention. 

Obvious depletion of n-alkanes and other paraffins, classically regarded as indicative of early biodegradation, is not observed in examined samples. However, Kuparuk viscous oils show slight to extreme selective depletion in long-chain alkyl aromatic (LCAA) hydrocarbon families (e.g. alkylbenzenes and alkyltoluenes). This is interpreted as indicative of an early stage of anaerobic microbial degradation that likely destabilized the oil to promote subsequent precipitation of asphaltenes as tar. 

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