Japanese market

Japan held 37.5% of the world antibiotic market ki 1988, the USA 23.2%, Italy 8.0%, the United Kingdom 5.4%, Germany 3.6%, and other countries 22.3% (20). The disproportionate size of the Japanese market is in part a consequence of the inherent strengths of Japanese industry which include expertise in fermentation technology and intensive chemical manipulation of known stmctures. In addition, antibiotic prescribing in Japan is extremely popular among doctors as a result of the Japanese reimbursement system. 

Various lithium salts and butyrolactone or PC—DME mixtures are usually used as electrolytes. The close competitive performance of CF and MnO cathodes is evidenced in Table 3. The constmction of cells is also similar for the two systems. In addition to uses mentioned for the lithium manganese dioxide system, some unique apphcations such as lighted fishing bobbers have been developed for the Japanese market. 

The distribution of powder coating sales by resin type for various geographical areas is given in Table 5. The polyester—epoxy hybrids account for 50% of the European market, yet have only market share <25% in the rest of the world. Similarly, the polyester urethanes, which account for only a small market share in Europe, find significant usage in the United States andjapan. AcryUcs hold a significant share only in the Japanese market. 

The usage pattern in Europe and Japan is more dependent upon the automotive industry. However, with the recent concern about acid rain, the European and U.S. markets should show increased interest in fluorocarbon elastomers for pollution control appHcations. On the other hand, the Japanese market has a sizable outlet in electrical and general machinery manufacturing (eg, copiers). Petroleum appHcations are of Htfle interest outside the United States. 

Yokohama Tire Corporation has combined citrus oil with NR to form super nanopower rubber (SNR) which is being used to reduce the use of petroleum products in the tire by 80%, [34]. Tires containing SNR are lighter than conventional equivalents, reduce rolling resistance by 18%, and are expected to hit the Japanese market later in 2007. 

Its exact chemical constitution has not yet been published. The pigment enjoys limited commercial success, mainly in the Japanese market. Its hue is reddish yellow, its lightfastness is almost as good as the much greener and tinctorially stronger P.Y.97. P.Y.165 is recommended for use in paints. 

P.Y.171 was found in the Japanese market. Its prints are considerably redder than those made from P.Y.l 3 besides, its color is off the fastness limits for yellows on the European color scales for offset and letterpress application. P.Y.171 has a dull hue and is weaker than P.Y.13. The pigment is targeted for the coloration of plastics, such as PVC and PE. 

P.R.15 continues to be offered in the Japanese market, but is of limited commercial value. Its hue is a brilliant medium maroon. 

P.R.5 affords a bluish red shade, somewhat similar to that of P.R.8, although the former is much more lightfast. Its commercial significance and its primary use depend on the region In Europe it is primarily employed in printing inks, while the American and Japanese markets mainly utilize the pigment in the paint field. 

The following cations have been used for salt formation sodium, calcium, barium, and manganese, as well as blends of calcium and manganese. European manufacturers continue to supply the calcium and manganese lakes, while the Japanese market also provides a barium lake. The latter, however, is of limited regional importance. 

P.R.211 is offered only in the Japanese market. It is the calcium salt of a monoazo pigment. P.R.211 affords shades of scarlet which resemble those provided by Lake Red C types (P.R.53 1). The list of suitable media includes plastics and printing inks. Incorporated in these media, P.R.211 presents application and fastness prop-... 

Whale meat for sale in Korean and Japanese markets ... 

Because of these changes, many multinational pharmaceutical companies include the Japanese market into their global development and marketing strategies. It is important to understand, however, that there are still many oddities for conducting clinical trial in Japan. Many of these are due to the difference in medical practice and/or attitude of the Japanese people towards effects and side effects of medicinal products, which may not harmonise with the West in a short period of time. Therefore, it is important to conduct a careful feasibility study before commencing clinical trials in Japan if global development is planned. 

On the other hand, in Japan, Sang-Bai-Pi (the root bark of Chinese mulberry tree) imported from China has been used as an herbal medicine, hence a study of the components of this crude drug purchased in the Japanese market was undertaken. Its phenolic components are different from those of Japanese mulberry tree. For example, morusin (3) and kuwanon G (1) are the main phenolic components of Japanese mulberry tree, in the case of Sang-Bai-Pi , these components are minor ones, while sanggenons A (4) [16], C (5) [17], and D (33) [61] are the main components [24]. Sanggenons C (5) and D (33) showed the hypotensive effects as follows Sanggenon C (5) caused transient decrease in arterial blood pressure at the doses of 1 mg/kg in pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbit by 15 mm Hg, while at the doses of 5 mg/kg the compound (5) caused a transient decrease by 100 mm Hg, which continued for more... 

Watanabe et al. (1987) detected PBDEs in numerous marine fish and shell fish in Japan. TeBDE and PeBDE levels ranged from 0.1 and 17 ng/g fresh weight, with TeBDE being the major congener. DeBDE was also detected in a mussel sample from Osaka Bay (at 1.4 g/kg wet weight). Recently, Japanese market fish were analyzed for PBDEs. The highest combined PBDE levels (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100,... 

Haraguchi K, Hisamichi Y, Endo T (2006) Bioaccumulation of Naturally Occurring Mixed Halogenated Dimethylbipyrroles in Whale and Dolphin Products on the Japanese Market. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 51 135... 

In reaching its decision to launch Amoxicillin on the Japanese market, Bristol-Myers had recognized the need to design around the Beecham patent and identify and develop a process which would be competitive. 

The divalent mineral-binding effect of CPPs can be put in use in applications where one wants to increase the availability for absorption of these minerals in the gut. Drinks with calcium and iron are examples for commercial uses of CPPs examples can be found especially in the Japanese market. Products for children that incorporate calcium or milk minerals and CPPs in sweets or cookies are found in the South Asian market. As mineral accretion is high during early childhood, incorporation of CPPs provides good solubility and availability for absorption of calcium or zinc and thus is worth considering for infant nutrition. Other possible uses are in calcium-enriched dairy products and natural calcium supplements. In addition, dental applications are obvious, since complexes of calcium, CPPs and phosphate may reduce caries in a dose-dependent fashion. 

Important advice concerning the pharmaceutical specialities on the Japanese market was provided by our Japanese colleague Nobuo Kuma-gai, whom we wish to thank sincerely. 

In the case of ginger, Japan is the number one importer in the world. Japan s imports of ginger reached more than 100,0001, valued at US 126 million, which accounted for 50% of the country s total spice imports in 2004. The principal supplier of quality ginger to the Japanese market is China, with exports exceeding 70,0001, valued at US 93 million, followed by Thailand with 26,0001. 

Zealand. As mentioned in section 13.1.5, discussions with the New Zealand and Australian organic industry, begun in 1999, are continuing through 2000 and it is hoped that a national standard will be implemented in the next 12 months. The initial prime motivator for such a standard from a New Zealand perspective is to maintain market access into European and soon Japanese markets. This has now grown to include protecting of the term organic . Japan has indicated that it will require evidence of equivalence to their standards by April 2000. 

Others spent considerable time searching for alternative uses for safflower hulls, the best bet in that period was to export the 6% fraction to Japan, where safflower hulls were used as low cost filler in many types of compound feeds. Japan was also a regular consumer of 20% protein (sometimes purchased basis 20% protein-fat combined analysis), but in today s market, safflower meal from the United States is not competitive in the Japanese market. 

In Japan, Uchiyama has recently published requirements for the safety evaluation of new excipients. These requirements include studies on acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproduction, dependency, antigenicity, carcinogenicity, and local irritation (human patch test). The first five of these tests are mandatory. With the exception of the local irritation test, for which a domestic trial is required, non-Japanese data are acceptable for these studies. Even if a material has been used in a pharmaceutical product outside Japan, the material is treated as a new excipient if there has been no prior use in Japan, although relevant overseas data for the material are acceptable for regulatory submission. A material is treated as a new excipient when the route of administration differs or the dose level exceeds that of prior use even after approval for the Japanese market.f ... 

Pranlukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist. It was developed primarily for the Japanese market and there is little international experience of it. To date, adverse events have occurred in under 1% of patients and gastrointestinal effects were the most common, accounting for 4.7% of reported adverse events (1). 

Japanese Market News, 2003, http //www. wtcosaka.com/market/item/batteries.html. 

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