Petroleum metals

Use For chemical reactions where advantages of controlled reaction rate, lower reaction temperature, increased yields, or substitution for more expensive reagent can be achieved, as in, removal of sulfur from hydrocarbons and petroleum, metal powders, sodium hydride, alcohol-free alcoholates, phenylso-dium. 

Latin America is usually defined to include Mexico, The Caribbean, Central and South America. This market region includes about 370 million inhabitants. The individual countries represent a wide range of political, social, and economical scenarios. High inflation rates and large trade balance deficits are prevalent in many of the countries. Limited infrastructure (e.g. highways, public utilities, etc.) has seriously hampered their economic growth. However, strong raw material positions (e.g. petroleum, metal ores, etc.) have enhanced export income and helped improve the national GNP and levels of industrialization. For example, three major oil fields have been discovered in Mexico within the past few years, and Venezuela s oil-based economy is well known. 

The determination of the elemental composition of a petroleum cut is of prime importance because it provides a quick means of finding out the quality of a given cut or determining the efficiency of a refining process. In fact, the quality of a cut generally increases with the H/C ratio and in all cases, with a decrease in hetero-element (nitrogen, sulfur, and metals) content. 

The choice between X-ray fluorescence and the two other methods will be guided by the concentration levels and by the duration of the analytical procedure X-ray fluorescence is usually less sensitive than atomic absorption, but, at least for petroleum products, it requires less preparation after obtaining the calibration curve. Table 2.4 shows the detectable limits and accuracies of the three methods given above for the most commonly analyzed metals in petroleum products. For atomic absorption and plasma, the figures are given for analysis in an organic medium without mineralization. 

In the standard method, the metal enclosure (called the air chamber) used to hold the hydrocarbon vapors is immersed in water before the test, then drained but not dried. This mode of operation, often designated as the wet bomb" is stipulated for all materials that are exclusively petroleum. But if the fuels contain alcohols or other organic products soluble in water, the apparatus must be dried in order that the vapors are not absorbed by the water on the walls. This technique is called the dry bomb" it results in RVP values higher by about 100 mbar for some oxygenated motor fuels. When examining the numerical results, it is thus important to know the technique employed. In any case, the dry bomb method is preferred. 

The fluids contained within petroleum accumulations are mixtures of organic compounds, which are mostly hydrocarbons (molecules composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms), but may also include sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen and metal compounds. This section will concentrate on the hydrocarbons, but will explain the significance of the other compounds in the processing of the fluids. 

Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times. 

It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the "Hastelloys(R)" which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and foreheaths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found applications as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an... 

Barium is a metallic element, soft, and when pure is silvery white like lead it belongs to the alkaline earth group, resembling calcium chemically. The metal oxidizes very easily and should be kept under petroleum or other suitable oxygen-free liquids to exclude air. It is decomposed by water or alcohol. 

Hydrogen chloride and the aqueous solution, muriatic acid, find appHcation in many industries. In general, anhydrous HCl is consumed for its chlorine value, whereas aqueous hydrochloric acid is often utilized as a nonoxidizing acid. The latter is used in metal cleaning operations, chemical manufacturing, petroleum well activation, and in the production of food and synthetic mbber. 

Petroleum Products. Condensation products of sahcylaldehyde and amines ate used in various forms for the removal or neutralization of the metallic ions that cause oxidative degradation in petroleum products. The product formed from propylenediamine and sahcylaldehyde, ie,... 

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