Petroleum distillate ingestion

Litovitz T, Greene AE. 1988. Health implications of petroleum distillate ingestion. Occup Med 3(3) 555-568. 

ShirkeyHC. 1971. Treatment of petroleum distillate ingestion. Mod Treat 8(3) 580-592. 

Contraindications Ingestion of petroleum distillate, ingestion of strong acids or bases, ingestion of strychnine, unconsciousness or absence of gag reflex, hypersensitivity to ipecac or any component of the formulation... 

The nurse must not give an emetic when a corrosive substance (such as lye) or a petroleum distillate (paint thinner, kerosene) has been ingested. In many cases of poisoning, it is preferable to insert a nasogastric tube to empty stomach contents. Emetics are used with great caution, if at all, when the substance ingested is unknown or in question. An emetic is never given to a patient who is unconscious or semiconscious because aspiration of vomitus may occur. 

Ng RC, Darwish H, Stewart DA. 1974. Emergency treatment of petroleum distillate and turpentine ingestion. Can Med Assoc J 111 537-538. 

Subcommittee on Accidental Poisoning. 1962. Co-operative kerosene poisoning study Evaluation of gastric lavage and other factors in the treatment of accidental ingestion of petroleum distillate products. Pediatrics 648-674. 

Induce emesis with syrup of ipecac if victim is conscious and has not ingested acids, alkali, hydrocarbons, or petroleum distillates... 

Perform gastric lavage if victim is unconscious or in some instances when conscious Administer activated charcoal to bind poison Administer milk or water if alkali, acid, hydrocarbon, or petroleum distillates have been ingested Administer antidote, if one exists, that is specific for the poison... 

Emesis can be induced with ipecac syrup (never extract of ipecac), and this method was previously used to treat some childhood ingestions at home under telephone supervision of a physician or poison control center personnel. However, the risks involved with inappropriate use outweighed the unproven benefits, and this treatment is rarely used in the home or hospital. Ipecac should not be used if the suspected intoxicant is a corrosive agent, a petroleum distillate, or a rapid-... 

If the patient has ingested a petroleum distillate (e.g., kerosene, gasoline, or petroleum-based liquid furniture polish), regurgitated hydrocarbons can be aspirated readily and cause chemical pneumonitis. 

Previously popular, primary decontamination with gastric lavage, emetics, whole bowel irrigation and cathartics may not be effective in preventing or delaying enteric absorption of poisons [9-12]. In contrast, multiple-dose oral activated charcoal is an effective method of enteric decontamination for a wide variety of ingestions [13]. However, all enteric decontamination procedures are contraindicated in petroleum distillate and caustic ingestions. 

Petroleum distillates are well absorbed through the gastrointestinal track if ingested and through the skin if contact occurs. Vapors are well absorbed through the lung. Because distilled fractions are mixtures, the distribution, metabolism, and excretion would be different for the different types of naphthas or spirits. 

Activated charcoal and/or emesis may be indicated in some hydrocarbon ingestions in which absorption may produce systemic effects. Agents such as asphalt, tar, heavy lubricants, vaseline, and mineral oil are considered relatively nontoxic and do not require removal. Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents or any hydrocarbon or petroleum distillate with a potentially dangerous additive (camphor, pesticide, and heavy metals) in some cases may be treated with activated charcoal or emesis. Petroleum naphtha derivatives, gasoline, kerosene, and mineral seal oil (or signal oil) as found in furniture polish and oil polishes produce severe and often prolonged chemical pneumonitis. These compounds are poorly... 

The major routes of exposure for quinoline are inhalation and oral ingestion. Contaminated air from petroleum distillation, coal mining, coking, and release from shale oil can lead to inhalation exposures. Quinoline is also found in cigarette smoke. 

Exposures to low levels of pesticides are those that occur when toxic effects are observed following inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption of concentrations not known to be toxic. An example is the exposure to a commercial formulation of a bifenthrin-containing (8.15) insecticide that was shown to be neurotoxic at levels 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than the NOEL for bifenthrin alone J34l Other chemicals contained in the commercial formula include a surfactant, heavy petroleum naphtha (5.0-6.5) and aromatic petroleum distillate (5.0-7.0). 

Ethanethiol. Ethyl mercaptan mercaptoethane ethyl sulfhydrate thioethyl alcohol. C,H,S mol wt 62.13. C 38.66%, H 9.74%, S 51,60%. CH2CH,SH. Found in urine of rabbits after ingestion of cabbage. Is formed in vinous fermentation. Occurs in illuminating gas, in sour" natural gas of W. Texas in petroleum distillates from which it may be separated hy chemical or physical methods Thompson et al. Anal Chem. 27, 175 (1955). Frepn from sodium ethyl -sulfate and KSH Klason, Ber. 20, 3407 (1887) catalytically From ethanol and hydrogen sulfide Kramer. Reid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 43, 880 (1921). Review on occurrence, prepn, properties and reactions E. Emmet Reid. Organic Chemis-... 

FIRST AID wash eyes immediately with large amounts of water wash affected areas of skin immediately with kerosene or similar petroleum distillate followed by soap and water provide oxygen or respiratory support if ingested, induce vomiting. 

No studies were located regarding human or animal health effects following oral exposure to Stoddard solvent for any end point or duration category. In general, ingestion of most petroleum distillates at doses less than 1,000 mg/kg causes little toxicity (Ellenhorn and Barceloux 1988). For... 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons and simple petroleum distillates such as lighter fluid, kerosene, furniture polish, and gasoline are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and do not pose a significant risk of systemic toxicity after ingestion, as long as they ate not aspirated. 

The substance ingested is a low viscosity petroleum distillate with the potential for pulmonary aspiration. 

For other toxic materials, water or milk should be given as above, and if it is certain that the ingested substance was not a corrosive or a hydrocarbon such as a petroleum distillate, vomiting may be induced with syrup of ipecac. This latter procedure should only be approached with great care, especially if one is unfamiliar with first aid procedures. Immediate medical care is also required. For all poison ingestion, workers should be prepared to provide medical personnel with details about the substance ingested, its quantity and concentration, and treatment given. 

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