Decontamination, primary

Economic Considerations. The principal economic consideration is, of course, total installed system cost, including the initial cost of the flow primary, flow secondary, and related ancillary equipment as well as material and labor required for installation. Other typical considerations are operating costs and the requirements for scheduled maintenance. An economic factor of increasing importance is the cost of disposal at the end of normal flow meter service life. This may involve meter decontamination if hazardous fluids have been measured. 

Abstract Main features of the R D resulting in the new means for primary decontamination of chemical warfare agents based on the chemisorption principle introduced into the Czech Army s individual decontamination mean IPB-80 and into the Czech Civil Protection first aid kit ZPJ-80, and in the upgrading of sets for secondary decontamination PCHB-60-P and PCHP-60-P are presented. First results of R D on universal solutions for detoxification of super-toxic lethal chemical warfare agents on human skin are shown and discussed. 

Testing the decontamination efficiency of the two-solution system with acceptable effectiveness in case of GB, GD and HD showed insufficient effectiveness in case of medemo (later confirmed also for actual VX). This was the main impetus to start extensive R D of the quite new means for primary decontamination and of upgrading the means for secondary decontamination. 

Table 5. Decontamination efficiency of the new method for primary decontamination (DESPRACH) based on chemisorption [4] DI50 (decontamination 2 minutes after contamination).

This idea has been utilized in elaboration of similar mixture of alkaline hydroperoxide with foam-generating detergents recently [10] but with a lower efficiency (tested only on GD - DI50 12.9). It is obvious that such emulsion cannot be used for primary decontamination in the first line due to a very limited stability (in the order of hours only) and also due to unsufficient effectiveness against HD. Such emulsion has thus limited utility. It could be used as a means of choice in stationary facilities to utilise its excellent effectiveness against V agents. 

The primary mission of the Decontamination Element is to turn chemical/biological victims into patients through mass decontamination procedures by establishing a site capable of providing initial and sustained operational decontamination of Force personnel (rescue workers), ambulatory, and non-ambulatory patients. The Decontamination Element also handles decontamination of CBIRF members, attachments, vehicles, and equipment that have entered the incident site controls access into and out of the incident site handles processing of surety material and evidence while maintaining chain of custody through the site and handles limited area decontamination of the incident site. 

It is, however, clear that electrodeposition of 60q0 on ioad (as well as during decontamination) is unlikely under strongly reducing conditions such as those which are nominally maintained in PWR primary circuits. 

For either plant type, incineration, or fuel type, these factors must be empirically determined and controlled. Because dioxins as effluents are concerned, it is possible to reduce I-TE values from about 50 ng/m to about 1 ng/m. Additional secondary measures (filter techniques) are therefore necessary for obtaining the lower limit value of 0.1 ng/m. Secondary measures are special filter techniques for pollutants formed in nongreen processes, also called end-of-pipe technology. The main part of technical incineration plants consists of filter devices, mostly coke as adsorbent is used, which must be decontaminated later by itself by burning in hazardous-waste incinerators. The inhibition technology, discussed later, is related on principles of primary (green) measures for a clean incineration method. 

Decontamination techniqnes and processes, involving chemical, mechanical, and thermal methods, have been developed for the removal of hazardons materials from systems, strnctnres, and components (SSCs), to soil and water. The primary objectives of decontamination are to rednce exposnre, rednce the potential release of hazardons materials to clean areas, and enable decontaminated eqnipment and materials to be salvaged and rensed. For J AC ADS closnre, a key objective will be to meet the end-state criteria for the land and the SSCs that are left in place. 

Reducing further exposure to a toxicant is crucial and may include removal of the patient from a toxic environment and the application of decontamination procedures. Immediate decontamination reduces absorption of toxic compounds and represents a primary essential aspect of the treatment regimen. 

In the U.S., syrup of ipecac has long been valued as an emetic OTC agent in the treatment of poisonings, and it has been the primary form of decontamination in pediatric cases, both at home and in health-care facilities (see Chapter 55). 

Currently, no monitoring program has been developed for agent degradation products. The assumption has been that breakdown products from decontamination or other activities are either less toxic or less persistent, or both. However, a recent evaluation prepared by the Army s Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine and Oak Ridge National Laboratory has noted that a primary VX hydrolysis product, EA-2192, is more stable in water and is nearly as toxic as VX (Munro et al., 1999). Although EA-2192 may primarily be a concern for operations at Newport (where bulk VX will be destroyed by hydrolysis), it may also be present at other facilities if it survives normal VX decontamination operations. 

While textured laminates offer superior resistance to scratching they are less easy to wipe clean than plane surfaces. This can be an important consideration in applications such as bench tops for microbiological and nuclear laboratories, where ease of decontamination is a primary requirement. 

According to Kratz [129], 1 mg of TNT in 1 1. of water kills fish. Seifert [130] reported that the lethal dose for fish was 2 mg of TNT in 1 1. of water, while a concentration of 0.15 mg TNT/1. might be lethal to plankton which form the principal nourishment for fish. For this reason the problem of decontamination of waste water from TNT manufacture is of primary importance (see further, p. 390). 

During operational life these submarines are subject to periodic maintenance operations which can include refuelling. To undertake these operations, the submarine is taken into dry dock and supported on cradles which provide seismic stability. In addition to the dock gates further protection against flooding is provided by concrete caissons. Before any refuelling operations take place, the primary circuit is decontaminated and... 

When respiratory protection is used, it should be decontaminated daily. However, the use of respiratory protection as the primary means of preventing exposure of laboratory personnel should be avoided whenever possible. 

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