Accidental ingestions

Methanol does not pose an undue toxicity hazard if handled in weU-ventilated areas, and is rated as a slight health hazard by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). The TLV is 200 ppm with a STEL of 250 ppm, and the limit which is immediately dangerous to Hfe and health is 25,000 ppm. Accidental ingestion is immediately treated by inducing vomiting, followed by adrninistration of sodium bicarbonate. Rinsing with water is effective in treating external exposure. 

Under conditions of normal use, detergent products are not lia2ardous to users. Nonetheless, surfactants possess some toxicity, and they are mild irritants. Particularly under conditions of misuse, such as accidental ingestion or spillage, they can produce irritation and discomfort in the form of nausea and vomiting, as well as irritation to skin and eyes. The long-term effects, however, are minimal (134). 

Industrial painters may suffer adverse health effects from over exposure to paint by skin contact or accidental ingestion, from excessive inhalation of paint aerosol, solvent vapour, or of dust in the case of electrostatically-applied powder coatings (e.g. polyesters containing triglycidyl isocyanurate), or from exposure to thermal degradation products from heated paint or plastic coatings (Table 5.48). 

Rest facilities should be provided in readily accessible places. To avoid contamination of food, or accidental ingestion of chemicals, these should include facilities to eat meals in a separate location. 

Flavorings can be derived from simple acids that add a sour taste to foods, or they can comprise more complex molecules, such as dena-tonium benzoate, which is added to products to make them so bitter that no one will accidentally ingest harmful amounts. 

It is used in deer repellant, nail polish (to discourage nail-biting), paint, antifreeze, and windshield washing fluid (to prevent accidental ingestion), and to coat electrical cables (to prevent rats or other vermin from eating the insulation). Very dilute solutions are sometimes used to coat childrens thumbs to prevent thumb sucking. 

In conclusion, it can be stated that alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates are absolutely safe. Even in the event of accidental ingestion in relatively large amounts they do not cause fatal consequences. 

Children can be exposed to endosulfan by eating food contaminated with the pesticide, by accidentally ingesting the pesticide if it is stored around the house, or by breathing air contaminated with the pesticide if it is sprayed on nearby fields. There are no known unique exposure pathways for children. We do not know if children s intake of endosulfan per kilogram of body weight is different than that of adults. 

Human studies have reported hepatorenal failure as the cause of death following accidental ingestion of trichloroethylene (Kleinfeld and Tabershaw 1954 Secchi et al. 1968). It was not possible to determine an accurate dose in these cases. 

Hepatic Effects. Hepatic failure was reported in the case of an accidental ingestion of trichloroethylene that led to an acute overdose (Kleinfeld and Tabershaw 1954). In other case studies, blood analyses revealed no hepatic injury in a man who drank several tablespoons of trichloroethylene (Todd 1954) or in women who drank about 20 mL (Morreale 1976) or an unknown quantity (Perbellini et al. 1991). Self-reported liver problems were not increased among persons in the trichloroethylene subregistry who were exposed to trichloroethylene in their drinking water (ATSDR 1994 Burg et al. 1995). 

There are several case studies of acute accidental ingestion of varying amounts (2 tablespoons to 16 ounces) of trichloroethylene by humans. These people had muscle weakness, vomiting, and became unconscious or delirious but recovered within 2 weeks (Morreale 1976 Perbellini et al. 1991 Stephens 1945 Todd 1954). 

In assessing initial exposure, whole body counting techniques measure amounts of americium that have been deposited within organs or tissues and have not been excreted. In cases of accidental ingestion, some of the americium may have been excreted in the urine or through the feces, before exposure is assessed. In... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. Lipoid pneumonia with marked interstitial pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis was observed in a child accidentally ingesting a lethal dose of automotive transmission fluid (Perrot and Palmer 1992). Although the exact composition of the hydraulic fluid was not reported, it is assumed to be a mineral oil hydraulic fluid because automotive transmission fluids typically contain... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. There is limited information on the toxicity of mineral oil hydraulic fluids in humans. A single case report of a child accidentally ingesting a single dose of automotive transmission fluid provides limited information on death and systemic effects. A case-control study provides some information on the carcinogenicity of mineral oil hydraulic fluids. The study population was exposed via inhalation and dermal routes. An occupational exposure study provides information on neurotoxicity following chronic dermal exposure. Information on the toxicity of mineral oil hydraulic fluids is limited to a series of inhalation, oral, and dermal acute-duration exposures. These studies provide information on death, systemic effects, and neurotoxicity by inhalation, oral, and dermal routes, and immunotoxicity following dermal exposure. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. There is limited information on the acute toxicity of mineral oil hydraulic fluids to humans. A single case report of a child accidentally ingesting automotive transmission fluid reported respiratory and gastrointestinal effects (Perrot and Palmer 1992). 

Percutaneous patches are used in small animals. Fentanyl is a drug used for pain control and is quite effective. Unfortunately, it is quite toxic to animals and young children if accidentally ingested. 

Symptoms of intoxication in humans caused by accidental ingestion of Kou-Wen plants have been described as follows. The effect on the digestive system starts with loss of appetite and turn of the stomach, and continues to severe abdominal pain and intestinal bleeding. The effect on the respiratory system presents as breathing difficulties which finally lead to death by respiratory failure. The effect on muscle innervation usually results in generalized muscular weakness and paralysis of the limbs. The effect on the circulatory system starts with heartbeat disorders and a drop in blood pressure, but heart failure is not a common cause of death. In addition to dilation of pupils, a drop in body temperature and proliferation of white blood cells have also been obseryed (70). 

If accidental ingestion of a toxic heavy metal has occurred, one emergency procedure calls for administering egg white, but a more modern treatment involves administering ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Explain why this treatment is recommended. 

Accidental ingestion of nickel sulfate crystals (15-20 grams) by 2.5 year-old female child Death in 4 h of heart failure blood had 7.5 mg Ni/kg, urine 50 mg/L, and liver 25 mg Ni/kg FW 6, 8... 

Even children are not immune from poisoning by PCP. Six cases were observed at the UCLA Medical Center, all 5 years old or younger. Presumably, most were poisoned by accidental ingestion of the drug, which was available in the house one child, only 11 days old, was presumably poisoned by passive inhalation of the smoke produced by the adults around him. The most common clinical manifestations in these youngsters was bizarre behavior, lethargy, ataxia, and nystagmus (48). 

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