Other Toxic Materials

Phenol, CjHjOH, also known as carbolic acid, is a white, crystalline mass that turns pink or red if not perfectly pure or if exposed to light. Phenol absorbs water from the air and liquefies it may also be found in transport as a molten material. It 

Nitrobenzene is a greenish-yellow crystal or yellow, oily liquid, and is slightly soluble in water. The primary hazard of nitrobenzene is toxicity however, it is also combustible. The boiling point is about 410°F, the flash point is 190°F, and the ignition temperature is 900T. The specific gravity is 1.2, which is heavier than water, and the material will sink to the bottom. The vapor density is 4.3, which is heavier than air. Nitrobenzene is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption, with a 

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The State of New Jersey has passed a law restricting the sale and disposal of batteries (qv) containing mercury, requiring manufacturers to reduce the mercury content of each battery to 1 ppm by weight by 1995, and to estabhsh a collection program for spent batteries (14). Another New Jersey law bans the sale of products having cadmium, mercury, or other toxic materials in the packaging (14) (see Cadmiumand cadmium alloys Cadmium compounds Mercury compounds). 

Silver-brazed joints are used when temperature or the combination of temperature and pressure is beyond the range of soldered joints. They are also more reliable in the event of plant fires and are more resistant to vibration. If they are used for fluids that are flammable, toxic, or damaging to human tissue, appropriate safeguarding is required by the code. There are OSHA regulations governing the use of silver brazing alloys containing cadmium and other toxic materials. 

Palytoxin is probably one of the most potent toxins known to humans. Intravenous LD q values in the sue species that have been studied are consistently less than 0.5 ig/kg. In addition, palytoxin possesses a speed of action and other pharmacologic properties that are markedly different from those exhibited by other toxic materials. For example, when injected iv or sc, palytoxin is extremely toxic yet when given po or ir, it is relatively non-toxic. It is also very interesting that the doses of palytoxin required to kill are somewhat different in anesthetized vs. unanesthetized animals. 

The rapid skin damage caused by urticants renders the skin more susceptible to subsequent exposure of any other toxic material or agent. 

Many birds such as sparrows, blackbirds, rice birds, grackles, and cowbirds can cause heavy loss of grain in rice fields. Because the use of poisoned baits in some countries is often restricted by law or popular opinion, the information presented does not constitute a recommendation on any specific chemical. The use of strychnine-poisoned rough rice (17, 18, 25) against blackbirds, grackles, cowbirds, and English sparrows, wherever the use of poison is permitted, can be effective. Many other toxic chemicals will kill these birds however, domestic poultry and game bird species are relatively much less susceptible to strychnine than to other toxic materials. Therefore, we have in strychnine a fairly effective selectivity which other toxic materials do not offer. 

Using dry powders for the mitigation of airborne or liquid HF and other toxic materials is possible. The technique would work well where the maximum spill is known in advance so that stationary dry powder systems of finite, yet sufficient, capacity could be designed. 

MTT assay is a standard colorimetric assay used to determine cytotoxicity of potential medicinal agents and other toxic materials. It is based on the reduction of the tetrazolium salt MTT by viable cells. A mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzyme is able to cleave the tetrazolium rings of the pale yellow MTT and form dark purple formazan crystals, which are largely impermeable to cell membranes resulting in the accumulation of these crystals within healthy cells. Solubilization of the cells by the addition of a detergent results in the liberation of crystals, which are solubilized. The metabolic activity of cells is directly proportional to the concentration of the created formazan product (22), whose color is quantified in a colorimetric assay. 

Subsurface chemical pollutants also come from septic tanks, which are widely used for the disposal of nonindustrial wastewater in much of suburban and rural North America. The pollutants of concern from septic tanks include pathogens as well as nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Sometimes, other toxic materials are thoughtlessly disposed of via septic systems in... 

Methyl chloroforms te, C1C(0)0CH3, prepared from the action of phosgene on methanol, whilst not used alone, was used as a solvent for other toxic materials. Monochloromethyl chloroformate, ClC(0)OCHjCI, is more lachramatory than phosgene, and was compressed in grenades and bombs. The dichlorinated derivative, dichloromethyl... 

The industrial research efforts on coffee decaffeination, spice extraction, and flavors concentration are, to a great extent, shrouded by the cloak of proprietary security, but the investigations of the use of supercritical fluids to treat various waste streams is reasonably well publicized. Most familiar, perhaps, is the supercritical waste water detoxification process developed by Modar Inc. This is potentially attractive for detoxifying refractory chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin, and other toxic materials (Anon., 1982 Modell, 1982). In the Modar process, the toxic chemicals are homogeneously reacted with oxygen in supercritical water, the solvent for the organics and the oxygen. The main feature of the process is a chemical reaction discussed in more detail in chapter 11. 

The flue gas treatment should lead to the recovery of more than 98% of the cadmium as fly ash and wet sludge. These materials are stored in controlled landfills due to their heavy metal and other toxic material contents (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Sb, dioxines, etc). 

Fires involving materials treated with anti-ChEs or bulk pesticides stores (CM and OP) may release both the unaltered anti-ChE and thermal decomposition products. Also, certain phosphorus-based fire retardants that arc subjected to heat and flame in a fire may result in the generation of anti-ChEs and other toxic materials. Thus, although fire retardants may slow the rate of fire progression, their involvement in a conflagration may result in an increase in the toxic potency of combustion products (Purser, 1992). For example, polyurethane foams treated with a trimethylol propane polyol base containing phosphoms-based retardants formed a highly neurotoxic combustion product [irimethylolpropane phosphate (TMPP) Petajan et at., 19751. 

Samples of the food actually eaten by the poisoned individuals should be shown to contain only low levels of other toxic materials. 

Whereas most special growth chambers in use are by necessity not sealed and are closely linked to the outside environment to permit easy control of temperature and humidity, and in many cases for a continuous supply of carbon dioxide, the growth chambers discussed here were designed with the same philosophy used where manipulation of radioactive or other toxic materials must be employed. Our growth chambers thus are provided with glove ports for internal manipulations, hermeticdly sealed bulkheads, etc. 

Another issue related to waste disposal arose because of the oxidation of pyrite that produces acidic compounds, which, with other toxic materials, can be leached into the local water supply. Simultaneously, heat produced from such chemical reactions led to spontaneous combustion of coal particles in the waste tips (Guney, 1968 McNay, 1971). The potential hazards from spontaneous combustion in the spoil heaps can be substantially reduced by controlled tipping, site selection, as well as compaction of waste. 

Also the contamination of soil by oil or other toxic material can be probed either by LIBS or by laser-induced fluorescence. 

Other toxic material protection information/issues None ... 

Respiratory protection is the most critical aspect of all protective clothing. The most common exposure route is the respiratory system. Most chemical agents are dispersed as an aerosol vapor or, in the case of biological or radiological agents, as small particles suspended in an aerosol. The atmosphere at explosion scenes will be very dusty (fine airborne particles). Working at an explosion scene requires respiratory protection, as this dust may contain asbestos or other toxic materials. 

Is a chemical agent or other toxic material involved ... 

Exposure pathway—A route by which a radionuclide or other toxic material can enter the body. Exposure rate—A measure of the ionization produced in air by x-rays or gamma rays per unit of time. 

Those who have learned to work with radioactive material can treat it on the same objective basis as for other toxic material. They adopt self-protective measures and precautions which avoid their suffering any detrimental effects. 

Consideration should be given to limiting exposures that are mixed with other toxic materials such as carbon disulfide because synergistic effects may occur and are suggested in the literature. The use of central nervous system depressants, including alcohol, during or prior to work should be discouraged for this reason. 

Other Toxic Materials Military and Terrorist Chemical Agents Chemical Agents Nerve Agents Antidotes... 

Depending on what is burning in a fire, other toxic materials may be generated. Most obviously, smoke, which is a mixture of particulate matters and the gaseous products associated with fire, can be... 

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