Petroleum products distillates

Air entrainment and foaming in hydrocarbon liquids can cause operational problems with high-speed machinery in physical-chemical processes such as petroleum production, distillation, cracking, coking, and asphalt processing. 

Cmde oil can be easily separated into its principal products, ie, gasoline, distillate fuels, and residual fuels, by simple distillation. However, neither the amounts nor quaUty of these natural products matches demand. The refining industry has devoted considerable research and engineering effort as well as financial resources to convert naturally occurring molecules into acceptable fuels. Industry s main challenge has been to devise new ways to meet the tremendous demand for gasoline without, at the same time, overproducing other petroleum products. 

Solvents. Petroleum naphtha is a generic term appHed to refined, pardy refined, or unrefined petroleum products. Naphthas are prepared by any of several methods, including fractionation of distillates or even cmde petroleum, solvent extraction, hydrocracking of distillates, polymerization of unsaturated (olefinic) compounds, and alkylation processes. Naphtha can also be a combination of product streams from more than one of these processes. 

In the fire codes, the atmospheric boiling point is an important physical property used to classify the degree of hazardousness of a Hquid. If a mixture of Hquids is heated, it starts to bod at some temperature but continues to rise ia temperature over a boiling temperature range. Because the mixture does not have a definite boiling poiat, the NFPA fire codes define a comparable value of boiling poiat for the purposes of classifying Hquids. For petroleum mixture, it is based on the 10% poiat of a distillation performed ia accordance with ASTM D86, Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products. 

Large amounts of tar or pitch by-products are produced by industrial processes. The distillation of cmde petroleum (qv) yields a pitch-like residue termed bitumen or asphalt (qv). In the United States, these terms are interchangeable, but in Europe the term asphalt is generally restricted to naturally occurring rock or lake asphalt, whereas the residual product of cmde-od distillation is termed bitumen. Although these are important industrial materials produced in millions of metric tons annually, they are not included herein (see Asphalt Petroleum, products). 

Ethyleneamines are used in certain petroleum refining operations as well. Eor example, an EDA solution of sodium 2-aminoethoxide is used to extract thiols from straight-mn petroleum distillates (314) a combination of substituted phenol and AEP are used as an antioxidant to control fouling during processing of a hydrocarbon (315) AEP is used to separate alkenes from thermally cracked petroleum products (316) and TEPA is used to separate carbon disulfide from a pyrolysis fraction from ethylene production (317). EDA and DETA are used in the preparation and reprocessing of certain... 

A modem petroleum refinery is a complex system of chemical and physical operations. The cmde oil is first separated by distillahon into fractions such as gasoline, kerosene, and fuel oil. Some of the distillate fractions are converted to more valuable products by cracking, polymerization, or reforming. The products are treated to remove undesirable components, such as sulfur, and then blended to meet the final product specifications. A detailed analysis of the entire petroleum production process, including emissions and controls, is obviously well beyond the scope of this text. 

Refining crude oil into useful petroleum products can be separated into two phases and a number of supporting operations. The first phase is desalting of crude oil and the subsequent distillation into its various components or "fractions." The second phase is made up of three different types of "downstream" processes combining, breaking, and reshaping. 

Raw petroleum (crude oil) is extracted from underground around the globe in a variety of ways and refined for tens of thousands of applications in our everyday lives. Crude oil is refined into usable petroleum products through several unique processes. Fractional distillation is the process used to efficiently extract or "distill" products that are a mixture of chemicals such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene or may selectively extract pure chemical compounds or petrochemicals such as... 

Petroleum products may be treated with various solvents for the removal by selective solubility of undesirable constituents or for the recovery of by-products. The solvent and solute must be separated to yield the desired product and to recover the solvent for reuse. The solvents normally boil at a lower temperature than the products from which they are to be removed and so are generally distilled off as overhead products. The pipe stills used for this service may be single-stage or multi-stage units, depending on the service involved. Some solvents can be removed by the use of steam heated stills. In other cases, the high temperature required necessitates the use of fired heaters and vacuum towers. 

Carbon black is produced by the partial combustion or the thermal decomposition of natural gas or petroleum distillates and residues. Petroleum products rich in aromatics such as tars produced from catalytic and thermal cracking units are more suitable feedstocks due to their high carbon/hydrogen ratios. These feeds produce blacks with a... 

Lukco, R.G., Kosman, J.J., "The Use of GC-AES Multielement Simulated Distillation for Petroleum Product Fingerprinting , J. Chrom. Set. 1993, March... 

Result The recovery of different fractions of petroleum distillate under atmospheric pressure was more than under reduced pressure because at lower pressure the vapour pressure of lighter molecule of crude oil increased so that they were siphoned out from the system without being condensed. Whereas a combination of distillation of lighter fraction under normal atmospheric pressure followed by the distillation of heavier contents under reduced pressure showed an improvement in the recovery of petroleum products. Recovery of distillates was still more when crude oil was first sonicated and then distilled under normal and reduced pressures. The viscosity of distillate increased with sonication whereas there was a decrease in value of density. 

Cooper, B. H. Sogaard-Anderson, P., and Nielsen-Hannerup, P., Production of Swedish class I diesel using dual-stage process,in Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Petroleum and Distillates, M.C. oballa, S.S.S. editor. 1994, Marcel Dekker New York. pp. 279-290. 

Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products, 24 284 Standard Oil of New Jersey (Exxon), 24 259 Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), 21 165... 

Pure xylan is not employed in industry. but crude xylan or pentosans are of industrial importance. Xylan has been proposed as a textile size but is not employed as yet for this purpose.130 Perhaps the largest use of pentosans is in their conversion to furfural, which has many applications and serves as the source of other furan derivatives. At the present time, large quantities of furfural are used in the extractive purification of petroleum products, and recently a large plant has been constructed to convert furfural by a series of reactions to adipic acid and hexamethylene-diamine, basic ingredients in the synthesis of nylon. In commercial furfural manufacture, rough ground corn cobs are subjected to steam distillation in the presence of hydrochloric acid. As mentioned above, direct preferential hydrolysis of the pentosan in cobs or other pentosan-bearing products could be used for the commercial manufacture of D-xylose. 

Gas-to-liquids (GTL) is the chemical conversion of natural gas into petroleum products. Gas-to-liquid plants use Fischer-Tropsch technology, which first converts natural gas into a synthesis gas, which is then fed into the Fischer-Tropsch reactor in the presence of a catalyst, producing a paraffin wax that is hydro-cracked to products (see also Chapter 7). Distillate is the primary product, ranging from 50% to 70% of the total yield. 

Over the years, the refinery has produced a range of petroleum products including liquid petroleum gas, gasoline, chemicals, solvents, distillate fuels, gas oils, lubricating oils, greases, asphalt products, and bunker fuels. The primary products of the refinery are currendy gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel. Minor products include coke, sulfur, naphtha, and fuel oil. The refinery processes approximately 200,000 barrels... 

The most common method for GC/MS analysis of semivolatile compounds (EPA SW-846 8270) includes 16 polycyclic aromatic compounds, some of which commonly occur in middle distillate to heavy petroleum products. The method also quantifies phenols and cresols, compounds that are not hydrocarbons but may occur in petroleum products. Phenols and cresols are more likely found in crude oils and weathered petroleum products. 

The bomb method for sulfur determination (ASTM D129) uses sample combustion in oxygen and conversion of the sulfur to barium sulfate, which is determined by mass. This method is suitable for samples containing 0.1 to 5.0% w/w sulfur and can be used for most low-volatility petroleum products. Elements that produce residues insoluble in hydrochloric acid interfere with this method this includes aluminum, calcium, iron, lead, and silicon, plus minerals such as asbestos, mica, and silica, and an alternative method (ASTM D1552) is preferred. This method describes three procedures the sample is first pyrolyzed in either an induction furnace or a resistance furnace the sulfur is then converted to sulfur dioxide, and the sulfur dioxide is either titrated with potassium iodate-starch reagent or is analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. This method is generally suitable for samples containing from 0.06 to 8.0% w/w sulfur that distill at temperatures above 177°C (351°F). 

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