Petroleum derived solvents

Continuous treatment stream received 0.22 pg chlorpyrifos/L for days 1 to 41, and 1.0 pg/L from days 41-100. Intermittent treatment stream received dosage 14 times higher than continuous treatment stream, but dosage was confined to 24 h every 14 days. Chlorpyrifos administered as emulsifiable concentrate in petroleum derivative solvent Single dose of 0.5,5, or 20 pg/L observed for 30 days... 

Use Thickening agent for petroleum-derived solvents, lubricants, etc. waterproofing. 

One of the new technologies that have arisen in response to economic pressures, to reduce energy or the use of petroleum derived solvents and concern with environmental pollution and occupational health is that of producing high solids coatings [75]. In such products, low MW resins are used to keep a low solution viscosity, and after curing they convert to three-dimensional networks. 

Hassel, Odd (1897-1981) Norw ian chemist who used X-ray and electron diffraction methods to determine the molecular structure of the petroleum-derived solvent cyclohexane and related compounds. Cyclohexane is not a flat molecule and can adopt a boat-shaped or a chain conformation. Hassel s work brought to the fore the importance of conformational analysis. He shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Derek Barton. 

The use of ethyl lactate as extraction solvent of carotenoids has been reported by several authors. The obtained results invite to consider ethyl lactate as a potential substitute for toxic petroleum-derived solvents in the recovery of carotenoids from plant matrix. 20.4.3.3.1 Extraction of P-carotene, lutein and lycopene from carrots, white com and tomato... 

Can be more easily dried as compared to petroleum-derived solvents... 

Uses Thickening agent for petroleum-derived solvents, lubricants, etc. waterproofing emulsifier, stabilizer, aniicaking agent in foods ManufJDi rib. ChemosGmbH Ammonium palm kernel sulfote CAS 223705464... 

Calcium carbide has been used in steel production to lower sulfur emissions when coke with high sulfur content is used. The principal use of carbide remains hydrolysis for acetylene (C2H2) production. Acetylene is widely used as a welding gas, and is also a versatile intermediate for the synthesis of many organic chemicals. Approximately 450,000 t of acetylene were used aimuaHy in the early 1960s for the production of such chemicals as acrylonitrile, acrylates, chlorinated solvents, chloroprene, vinyl acetate, and vinyl chloride. Since then, petroleum-derived olefins have replaced acetylene in these uses. 

The hquid remaining after the solvent has been recovered is a heavy residual fuel called solvent-refined coal, containing less than 0.8 wt % sulfur and 0.1 wt % ash. It melts at ca 177°C and has a heating value of ca 37 MJ/kg (16,000 Btu/lb), regardless of the quaUty of the coal feedstock. The activity of the solvent is apparently more important than the action of gaseous hydrogen ia this type of uncatalyzed hydrogenation. Research has been directed to the use of petroleum-derived aromatic oils as start-up solvents (118). 

The separation of coal liquids by gel permeation chromatography using lOOA Styragel columns and solvents such as THF and toluene has been reported elsewhere (7.8.9.13.14). Coal liquids and petroleum crude are similar in their physical appearance as well as the complexity in composition. The major difference between the two is that petroleum crude does not contain oxygenated compounds, such as alkylated phenols, in substantial quantity. In addition, the average linear molecular size of petroleum derived asphaltenes (15.16) is much larger than that of coal derived asphaltenes (. ... 

On the more practical side, vast quantities of simple alcohols—methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol—and many ethers are made from petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. These alcohols are widely used as solvents and as intermediates for the synthesis of more complex substances. 

Ethyl lactate is another lactic acid derivative that has recently been commercialized. An environmentally benign solvent with properties superior to many conventional petroleum-based solvents, it can be blended with methyl soyate derived from soybean oil to create custom-tailored solvents for various applications. 

Petroleum-derived butanol is currently used in food and cosmetic industries as an extractant (11), but there are concerns about its carcinogenic aspects associated with the residual petroleum components. Many new uses will occur in these fields as "green" butanol becomes available to the market. Other uses include current industrial applications in solvents, rubber monomers, and break fluids. Butanol has the propensity to solve some infrastructure problems associated with fuel cell use. Dispersed through existing pipelines and filling stations and then reformed onboard the fuel cell vehicle, butanol offers a safer fuel with more hydrogen. 

Fermentation-derived organic acids and their esters are potentially important chemical feedstocks for polymers and specialty polymers, but most significantly as alternative solvents for industrial and consumer applications. For example, lactate esters are derived from renewable carbohydrate raw materials such as cornstarch. They exhibit much lower toxicity compared with halogenated hydrocarbons and ethylene glycol ethers and are environmentally benign. Some studies suggested that lactate ester solvents have the potential of replacing petroleum-based solvents... 

Some yeasts and bacteria are able to produce different alcohols like ethanol and butanol as well as polyols like glycerin and 2,3-butandiol. These compounds- are used in drinks such as beer and wines, and also may be used in or as solvents, drugs, chemicals, oils, waxes, lacquers, antifreezing and antifoaming agents, precipitants, dyestuff, pomades, raw materials for chemical syntheses, motor fuels, and carbon sources for SCP production. These products are mainly synthesized from petroleum — derived materials like ethylene and acetaldehyde. However, because of the insufficient availability and high prices of the raw materials, the microbial production of alcohols has become an interesting area for many researchers. 

In the studies carried out to date, eight fuels have been tested which include six synfuels and two petroleum derived fuels. The synfuels tested included SRC-II middle and heavy distillate fuels, a blend of these fuels, and one SRC fuel blended with the process donor solvent. Composition data for the various fuels are presented in Table I, where it can be seen that the coal derived liquids have a higher C H ratio than either the diesel or residual petroleum oils, indicative of a higher aromatic hydrocarbon content. The shale-derived DFM on the other hand is a highly processed fuel and has a C H ratio similar to the petroleum diesel oil. Complete analyses of all the actual fuels tested were unfortunately not available at the time of writing, and, where necessary, typical analyses have been taken from previous studies. 

The termination of droplet trajectories by a "micro-explosion" of this nature was observed for all of the synthetic fuels and fuel blends tested, but did not occur for the petroleum derived No. 6 oil. With this latter fuel, droplets were seen to bum to extinction and to result in the formation of a carbonaceous residue, usually in the form of cenospheres. The termination of individual droplets was observed, therefore, to be strongly dependent upon fuel type and could be characterized by three distinct types of behavior 1) large (1 mm) micro-explosions with a distinctly directional behavior (SRC process donor solvent blend), 2) smaller micro-explosions (SRC-II middle, heavy, middle/ heavy blend, DFM), and 3) carbonaceous residue formation (Indones-ian-Malaysian No. 6) without micro-explosions. High speed photographs show the micro-explosions to occur in a time span much faster than the camera framing rate (1/5000 sec). 

Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) refers to the process of converting coal to liquid products by mixing ground coal with a recycled process solvent and/or petroleum-derived residual oil and reacting the slurry in a hydrogen atmosphere at 750-850°F (400-450°C) and 1000-2500 psig (7-17 MPa). Under these conditions, the coal structure breaks down into... 

In modern terms, asphaltene is conceptually defined as the n-pentane-insoluble and benzene-soluble fraction whether it is derived from coal or from petroleum. There are a number of procedures used to isolate asphaltene (2-7), all of which appear to be reproducible (8) but do not necessarily provide equivalent end-products. The similarity between coal- and petroleum-derived asphaltenes begins and ends at the definition of the separation procedure. Puzinauskas and Corbett s (9) comments on asphalt may be paraphrased and applied to asphaltene. They state that the broad solvent classification is unfortunate it leads to misconceptions that petroleum and coal materials are alike, or at least similar. However, these two classes of materials differ not only in their origin, mode of manufacture and uses, but also in their chemical composition and physical behavior. 

In this chapter, I emphasize the origin or source from which the asphaltenes came, rather than the environment or conditions to which they were exposed. For example, I will group asphaltenes from refinery bottoms with petroleum-derived asphaltenes in the discussion. Similarly, asphaltenes from the solvent extracts of raw coal are also classified as coal-derived asphaltenes. 

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