Microbial production

R. Hoagland, ed., Microbes and Microbial Products as Herbicides, ACS Symposium Series 439, American Chemical Society, Washiagton, D.C., 1990. 

The presence of many nonprotein amino acids has been reported in various living metaboUtes, such as in antibiotics, some other microbial products, and in nonproteinaceous substances of animals and plants (7). Plant amino acids (8) and seleno amino acids (9) have been reviewed. 

S. Kinoshita and K. Tanaka in K. Yamada and co-workers. Microbial Production of Amino Acids,] ohn. Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1972. 

K. Yamada, S. Kinoshita, T. Tsunoda, and K. Aida, The Microbial Production ofMmino Mcids, Kodansha, Ltd, Tokyo, 1973, p. 5. 

In 1939 the isolation of a mixture of microbial products named tyrotbricin from a soil bacillus was described. Further investigation showed this material to be a mixture of gramicidin and tyrocidine. In rapid succession the isolation of actinomycin (1940), streptothricin (1942), streptomycin (1943), and neomycin (1949), produced by Streptomjces were reported and in 1942 the word antibiotic was introduced. Chloramphenicol, the first of the so-called broad spectmm antibiotics having a wide range of antimicrobial activity, was discovered in 1947. Aureomycin, the first member of the commercially important tetracycline antibiotics, was discovered in 1948. 

Approximately one-half of the organics removed are oxidized to CO2 and H2O, and one-half synthesized to biomass. Three to 10 percent of the organics removed result in soluble microbial products (SMP). The SMP is significant because it causes aquatic toxicity. 

K. AUison in F. Wagner, ed.. Microbial Production ofiProtein, Chemie Vedag, Weinheim, 1975, p. 73. 

Fermentation. The microbial production of citric acid on a commercial scale was begun in 1923 utilizing certain strains yispergillus nigerio produce citric acid on the surface of a sucrose and salt solution. This tray fermentation technique is still used today, although it is being replaced by a submerged process known as deep tank fermentation (14—22). 

This is the first case to observe 2,4-diamino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-D-arafoino-hexopyranose in natural products and the first isolation of d-inositol from microbial products. Kasugamycin is the first compound possessing a unique group of an amidine carboxylic acid. 

Table 9.10 Examples of microbial products produced from alkanes and related compounds. Ail the examples cited are the subject of patents.

Owing to diminishing fossil fuel reserves, alternative energy sources need to be renewable, sustainable, efficient, cost-effective, convenient and safe.1 In recent decades, microbial production of ethanol has been considered as an alternative fuel for the future because fossil fuels are depleting. Several microorganisms, including Clostridium sp. and yeast, the well-known ethanol producers Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis, are suitable candidates to produce ethanol.2,3... 

TLRs are transmembrane proteins found on the plasma membrane and on endosomal membranes. The ability of the TLRs to recognise microbial products comes from the 19-25 copies of the LRR motif. The differences in these LRRs are what give the TLRs the ability to bind different components of pathogens. 

K.Tsuda, Chemistry of Microbial Products (6th Symposium of the Inst. Appl. Microbiol. Univ. of Tokyo), S. 167... 

Ghosh, S. "Microbial Production of Energy Gaseous Fuek " Lecture presented at the Seventh International Biotechnology Symposium New Delhi, India, February 1984. 

CappeUo J. and Ferrari F., Microbial production of stmctural protein polymers, (Mobler D.P., ed.). Plastics from Microbes, Hanser PubUshers, Munich, 1994, 35. 

Bu Lock J.D., Nisbet L.J. Winstanley D.J. (eds) (1983) Bioactive Microbial Products, vol. II, Development and Production. London Academic Press. 

Verrall M.S. (Ed) (1985) Discovery and Isolation of Microbial Products. Society of Chemical Industry Series in Biological Chemistoy and Biotechnology. Chichester Ellis Horwood. 

Demain A.L., Somkuti G.A., Hunter-Cevera J.C. Rossmore H.W. 9%9) Novel Microbial Products for Medicine andAgriculture. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Verall M.S.(1985) Discovery and Isolation of Microbial Products. Chichester Ellis Horwood. 

Dufosse, L., Microbial production of food grade pigments. Food Technol. BiotechnoL, 44, 313, 2006. 

Kodama K, K Umehara, K Shikmizu, S Nakatani, Y Minoda, K Yamada (1973) Identification of microbial products from dibenzothiophene and its proposed oxidation pathway. Agric Biol Ghent 37 45-50. 

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