Coal-derived liquids

The majority of today s turbines arc fueled wth natural gas or No. 2 distillate oil. Recently there has been increased interest in the burning of nonstandard liquid fuel oils or applications where fuel treatment is desirable. Gas turbines have been engineered to accommodate a wide spectrum of fuels. Over the years, units have been equipped to burn liquid fuels, including naphtha various grades of distillate, crude oils, and residual oils and blended, coal-derived liquids. Many of these nonstandard fuels require special provisions. For example, light fuels like naphtha require modifications Co the fuel handling system to address high volatility and poor lubricity properties. 

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Coal-Derived Liquids Binary Systems with Tetralin... 

Blanco, B., S. Beltran, J.L. Cabezas, and J. Coca, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Coal-Derived Liquids. 3. Binary Systems with Tetralin at 200 mrnHg", J. Chem. Eng. Data, 39,23-26 (1994). 

Mathur, K. N. Sarbak, Z. Islam, N., Kwart, H., and Katzer, J. R., Kinetics and Mechanism of Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Components of Coal-Derived Liquids, DOE, Office of Fossil Energy. Washington, DC. X and XI Quarterly 1982 August 16, 1981 to February 15, 1982. 

In addition to the Fischer-Tropsch-derived material, coal-derived liquids were also recovered from low-temperature coal gasification (not shown in Figures 18.3 and 18.4). These products were processed separately to produce chemicals, such as phenols, cresols, and ammonia, as well as an aromatic motor gasoline blending stock.34 The latter was mixed with the Fischer-Tropsch-derived motor gasoline. 

The transportation fuels produced and marketed (Table 18.9)40 met the South African fuel specifications of that time and included some coal-derived liquids (not shown in Figure 18.5). Although the refinery originally produced no jet fuel, it was demonstrated that the hydrogenated kerosene range oligomers from olefin oligomerization over a solid phosphoric acid catalyst met the requirements for jet fuel.38 (Semisynthetic jet fuel was approved in 1999 and fully synthetic jet fuel was approved in 2008 DEFSTAN 91-91/Issue 6). 

Figure 4.2 presents a simplified flow diagram of the ENCOAL Liquid from Coal (LFC) process. The process upgrades low-rank coals to two fuels, Process-Derived Coal (PDF ) and Coal-Derived Liquid (CDL ). Coal is first crushed and screened to about 50 mm by 3 mm and conveyed to a rotary grate dryer, where it is heated and dried by a hot gas stream under controlled conditions. The gas temperature and solids residence time are controlled so that the moisture content of the coal is reduced but pyrolysis reactions are not initiated. Under the drier operating conditions most of the coal moisture content is released however, releases of methane, carbon dioxide, and monoxide are minimal. The dried coal is then transferred to a pyrolysis reactor, where hot recycled gas heats the coal to about 540°C. The solids residence time... 

LC-MS has been used to study various aromatic fractions from coal derived liquids, and there are also a number of reports on its use in the analysis of porphyrin mixtures [601,602]. The early work by Dark et al. [601] using LC-MS for coal-derived liquids was mainly concerned with the separation and identification of polycyclic aromatic components. However, it is interesting to note that... 

A. Zandona, 0. J. Busch, L. E. Hettinger, W. P., Jr. "Reduced Crude Conversion Symposium on Production, Characterization and Processing of Heavy Oils, Tar Sand Bitumens, Shale Oils and Coal-Derived Liquids", University of Utah, 1981. 

Reforming for producing hydrogen from high hydrogen-content, coal-derived liquid fuels. 

Effects of VLE and enthalpy data on design of plants for coal-derived liquids. 

Tandem mass spectrometry is also developing into an important analytical method for application to coal-derived materials (Wood, 1987). The analysis of heteroatom ring species and hydrocarbon species in coal-derived liquids offers indications of the location of the heteroatoms in, or on, ring systems, as well as indications of the hydrocarbon systems. 

Catalytic Hydrotreating of Coal Derived Liquids, Project Seacoke Phase II Final Report, Prepared for Office of Coal Research by Arco Chemical Co., Contract No. 14-01-0001-473, Dec., 1966. 

Thomas, K.P., and Hunter, D.E. 1989. The Evaluation of a Coal-Derived Liquid as a Feedstock for the Production of High-Density Aviation Turbine Fuel. DOE Report DOE/MC/11076-2993. United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 

Alternative Fuel Includes methanol, denatured ethanol and other alcohols, separately or in mixtures of 85% by volume or more with gasoline or other fuels, CNG, LNG, LPG, hydrogen, coal derived liquid fuels, fuels other than alcohols derived from biological materials, electricity, neat biodiesel, or any other fuel determined to be substantially not petroleum and yielding substantial energy security benefits and substantial environmental benefits. It is defined pursuant to the EPACT (Energy Policy Act of 1992), alternative fuels. 

Mima, M. J. Schultz, H. McKinstry, W. E. Method for the Determination of Benzene Insolubles, Asphaltenes, and Oils In Coal Derived Liquids. ERDA/PERC/RI-76/6, 1976, 15 pp. 

T. D. Perreira, N. B. Determination of Field-Ionization Relative Sensitivities for the Analysis of Coal-Derived Liquids and Their Correlation with Low-Voltage Electron-Impact Relative Sensitivities. Anal. Chem., 1976, 45 (14), 2105-2113. 

The objective of the present work is to evaluate the effect of a wide range of process or reaction variables— reaction temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, catalyst loading, and reaction time—on hydrodesulfurization and hydrogenation of filtered liquid product (coal-derived liquid) obtained from the coal dissolution stage in the presence of a commercial presulfided Co-Mo-Al catalyst. The selectivity for desulfurization over hydrogenation (Se) is used to rate the effectiveness of the above mentioned process variables. Se is defined as the fraction of sulfur removal per unit (g) of hydrogen consumed, that is,... 

In this study, a novel Monolith alumina structure was of interest as a base (or a carrier) material for Co-Mo-Alumina catalysts. The specific interest centered around assessing the suitability of the catalyst prepared by impregnating the novel alumina support with Co and Mo for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of a relatively high boiling stock. The Monolith catalyst was also tested on a low boiling coal-derived liquid. 

When processing coal derived liquids which contain fine solid particles, the possibility of bed plugging may be minimized. 

The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) activities of two Co-Mo-alumina catalysts were tested on two coal derived liquids using a trickle bed reactor system. The two liquids used were Synthoil liquid (high-boiling stock) and Raw Anthracene Oil (low-boiling stock). One of the two catalysts was prepared in the laboratory at Oklahoma State University by... 

A number of reviews related to the identification of sulfur compounds in petroleum should be mentioned. Dean and Whitehead (30) summarized work on separation and identification of sulfur compounds in petroleum and shale oil in 1967. Drushel (7) reviewed sulfur compound types with an emphasis on the available analytical methods as of 1970. Mehmet (31) and Gal pern (32) also reviewed sulfur compounds in petroleum in 1971 with some speculation on their origin. The major contributions of API Project 48 reported by Coleman et al. in 1971, Rail et al. in 1972, and Thompson in 1981 will be discussed below (33-35) More recent summaries of sulfur compounds by Aksenov and Kamyanov in 1981 (36) and by Gal pern in 1985 (37), discuss OSC in petroleum, processed petroleum fractions, shale oil, coal derived liquids and related products. These reviews include much of the Soviet literature. In 1975 and 1978 Orr (28-291 discussed sulfur in the petroleum system with somewhat... 

Describing the behavior of undefined mixtures, whether from natural or synthetic sources, often begins with the separation of these complex systems into effective pseudocomponents by distillation (1 ). Each pseudocomponent is then characterized as if it were a pure compound, and its characterization data are used in appropriate correlations. The presence of nonvolatile residuum poses a serious limitation to such methodology. For coal-derived liquids, heavy crude oils, tar sands, and shale oil, more than 50 percent of the fluid may not be distillable (JL). Since this nonvolatile residue cannot be separated using conventional techniques, new methods of separation and characterization must be developed to provide the necessary information for design and operation of plants utilizing the fossil fuels mentioned above (2). 

Emissions Sampling of Combustion Effluents from a Stationary Diesel Engine That Bums a Coal-Derived Liquid Fuel... 

Evaluation of Coal-Derived Liquids as Utility Boiler Fuels... 

The synthetic fuels evaluation at Mississippi Power Company s Plant Sweatt 1s just one of a number of tests, sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) under project RP 2112, to assess the potential of coal derived, liquid synthetic fuels as an alternative or substitute for liquid petroleum fuels. 

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