Petroleum-derived fuels

It is likely that the reliable crude oil supply will not diminish any time soon. Petroleum-derived fuels will remain the primary source of transportation energy for well into the twenty-first century. Producers and refiners have been, and will be, environmentally responsible. The existing infrastructure of advanced product distribution systems can compete with alternative fuels readily. Future fuels will be competitive, both economically and environmentally. New global market conditions will dictate closure of inefficient facilities and investment in new technology. Larger and more efficient operations will survive and will focus on the niche market. ... 

Hydrogen can be produced by reforming natural gas and petroleum derived fuels, by gasification of biomass and coal, and by using renewable electricity to power... 

Effect of Additives on Combustion of Petroleum-Derived Fuels... 

JONES, WEIL, AND G RAH AM—EFFECT OF ADDITIVES IN PETROLEUM-DERIVED FUELS... 

Price of raw coal derived liquid products will likely be in the range of 3.50- 5.00 per million Btu s in 1978 dollars. (4) Extensive hydrotreating to reduce heteroatom content may add on the order of 1-2 per million Btu s. (5) Typical costs for this upgrading step are presented in Figure III. Economic projections indicate that these costs can reac- price parity with petroleum derived fuels sometime between 1985 and 1995. 

Tetralin-type structures containing attached aromatic and aliphatic rings with very short aliphatic side chains seem to fit the structural data best. Except for MD-2 and MD-3, which average slightly more than one half oxygen atom per molecule, the molecules do not contain significant amounts of heteroatoms (i.e., N, S or 0), moisture or inorganics. However, compared to petroleum-derived fuels, they do contain substantial amounts of N and 0. 

This paper covers the combustion performance of EDS fuel oil blends, with primary emphasis on the emissions of polynuclear aromatics (PNA). Previous testing of EDS fuel oil blends 0, 2) and other coal derived fuel oil blends (2) has shown that emissions of particulate and smoke are lower with coal-derived fuel oils than from the combustion of petroleum-derived fuel oils. 

In the studies carried out to date, eight fuels have been tested which include six synfuels and two petroleum derived fuels. The synfuels tested included SRC-II middle and heavy distillate fuels, a blend of these fuels, and one SRC fuel blended with the process donor solvent. Composition data for the various fuels are presented in Table I, where it can be seen that the coal derived liquids have a higher C H ratio than either the diesel or residual petroleum oils, indicative of a higher aromatic hydrocarbon content. The shale-derived DFM on the other hand is a highly processed fuel and has a C H ratio similar to the petroleum diesel oil. Complete analyses of all the actual fuels tested were unfortunately not available at the time of writing, and, where necessary, typical analyses have been taken from previous studies. 

Mehm, W.J., and C.L. Feser. 1984. Biological analysis of progressive toxicity of shale-derived vs. petroleum derived fuels in rats. Pp 491-503 in Synthetic Fossil Fuel Technologies Results of Health and Environmental Studies, K.E. Cowser, ed. Boston Butterworth. 

Figure 11.12 shows the molecular weigh distribution of some examples of petroleum-derived fuels for comparison. The molecular weight distribution of the plastics are similar... 

The oils derived from pyrolysis of plastics have the potential to be used directly as fuels. However, to act as direct substitutes for established petroleum-derived fuels requires detailed analysis of their fuel properties in comparison with those of petroleum refined fuels. Table 11.8 shows the fuel properties of oils derived from the pyrolysis of various plastics [46, 47]. Table 11.9 shows comparative data for refined pefroleum fuels [48]. 

Table 11.9 Fuel properties of petroleum-derived fuels [48]...

The compositional analysis is an essential part of the quality evaluation of petroleum-derived fuels. The concentration of different compound types such as paraffin, isoparaffin, olefin, naphthene and aromatic are routinely determined by gas chromatography (FIONA analysis), and can be rapidly measured by proton NMR spectroscopy. 

The liquid contains varying quantities of water which forms a stable single phase mixture, ranging from about 15 wt% to an upper limit of about 30-S0wt% water, depending on how it was produced and subsequently collected. Pyrolysis liquids can tolerate the addition of some water, but there is a limit to the amount of water, which can be added to the liquid before phase separation occurs, in other words the liquid cannot be dissolved in water. It is miscible with polar solvents such as methanol, acetone, etc. but totally immiscible with petroleum-derived fuels. 

Naphthalene is a component of crude oil and is found in petroleum-derived fuels and consumer products. The most common use of naphthalene in consumer products is in the production of mothballs. The two active ingredients in mothballs are naphthalene and paradichlorobenzene. 

Domask WG. 1984. Introduction to petroleum hydrocarbons Chemistry and composition in relation to petroleum-derived fuels and solvents. In Mehlman MA, Hemstreet GP, Thorpe JJ, et al., eds. Advances in modern environmental toxicology. Vol. VII Renal effects of petroleum hydrocarbons. Princeton, NJ Princeton Scientific Publishers, Inc., 1-23. 

Studies estimate that there are various synthetic fuel production technologies and process schemes available that can be competitive with petroleum-derived fuels under certain market conditions and prices (25). However, the high capital requirements and long planning and construction lead times create substantial risks. Additionally, the limited introduction of some of these technologies poses significant technical risks which may be unacceptable to project developers and investors. 

Base o-ring swelling measurements were conducted on petroleum-derived and F-T diesel and jet fuels to determine the extent of swelling problems that might be encountered in moving from a petroleum-derived fuel to a synthetic fuel. The results are reported in Table I. As expected, the petroleum-derived... 

In recent years, several methods for hydrogen production starting from biomass materials have been investigated [60-62], and great efforts have been addressed in particular in selecting advanced solutions for optimization of the previously analysed thermal processes, such as SR or gasification, by substituting the fossil fuel feedstocks (coal or petroleum-derived fuels) with different types of biomass-derived fuels. 

Tomkins BA, Griest WH. 1987. Liquid chromatographic determination of benzo(a)pyrene at part-per- billion concentrations in highly refined coal-and petroleum-derived fuels. J Chromatogr (Netherlands) 386 103-110. 

Specific gravity, freezing point and pour point data are shown in Table I. For each fuel four kinds of data are given (where available) the range of the data (minimum and maximum values obtained), the average value for all the sanples examined, the military specification requirement for that property, and an average value for a representative petroleum derived fuel. Also shown in the table are the number of fuel samples which were examined in each case. This format is also used for Table II which will follow. 

Specific Gravity. The specific gravities of the Shale-II jet fuels (one sample of each type) were very similar to each other, met specification requirements, and were about the same as that of an average petroleum derived fuel. The two Shale-II DEM specific gravities were very similar but slightly lower than that of an average petroleum derived fuel. 

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