Fuel tests

Deals with new vehicle tecluiology, programs to regulate fuels, diesel fuel testing and analysis, and research on fuels and vehicle controls... 

The liquid HED fuel tested, PCU functionalized erro-methylenecyclopro-pane, exhibits large vaporization rates in comparison with existing liquid fuels and some azido-organic compounds. The droplet s combustion had a microexplosive nature due to the large rates of heat released during combustion. 

Produces thorlated welding rods Nuclear fuels test quantities Magnesiurn-thorlurn alloys Produces compounds and metals manages DOE thorium stocks... 

The ANL catalyst (not identified, but presumably a Pt supported on Gd-doped ceria) was also successfully used for ATR of diesel fuel. Tests of three different types of diesel fuels (n-Cie, low-sulfur diesel, and regular diesel) showed complete conversion of hydrocarbons at 800°C. The diesel surrogate n-Ci6 yielded 60% H2 on a dry, N2-free basis at 800°C, whereas the other two diesel fuels required higher temperatures (>850°C) to yield similar levels of H2 in the product gases. Similar or improved H2 yields from diesel ATR were observed with a microchannel monolith catalyst, compared with extruded pellets in a fixed-bed reactor. ... 

The differences in reactions at different reactor positions was studied by Springmann et al. who reported product compositions for ATR of model compounds as a function of reactor length in a metal monolith coated with a proprietary noble metal containing Rh. As expected, the oxidation reactions take place at the reactor inlet, followed by the SR, shift, and methanation reactions. Figure 32 shows the product concentration profiles for a 1-hexene feed, which are typical results for all the fuels tested. These results show that steam, formed from the oxidation reactions, reaches a maximum shortly after the reactor inlet, after which it is consumed in the shift and reforming reactions. H2, CO and CO2 concentrations increase with reactor length and temperature. In this reactor, shift equilibrium is not reached, and the increase in CO with distance from the inlet is the net result of the shift and SR reactions. Methane is... 

Bruno, J., Casas, I., Cera, E. Duro, L. 1997. Development and application of a model for the long-term alteration of U02 spent nuclear fuel. Test of equilibrium and kinetic mass transfer models in the Cigar Lake ore deposit. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 26, 19-26. 

The military interest in alternative fuels proposes to focus on Fort Leonard Wood as part of the alternative fuels test bed. The military s interest stems from economic reasons and meeting a Presidential challenge to achieve a very short-term measured objective to achieve a shift to 3% of fuels used as renewable fuels. The economic reasons are further defined in environmental, operating as well as public relations costs. UMR is also... 

Coal liquefaction processes are designed to clean coal chemically by removing ash, sulfur and to a lesser extent, nitrogen from a feed coal. The principal differences between the fuels tested at Plant Sweatt and their petroleum counterparts are that synthetic fuels have a higher carbon/hydrogen molar ratio (C/H,... 

In 1979, because of a lack of large samples, boiler fuel test programs will be limited to small scale equipment. However, in 1980, large samples of liquids in the 5,000-10,000 barrel range should become availabel from the H-Coal pilot plant at Catlettsburg, Kentucky and the Exxon Donor Solvent process at Baytown, Texas. It would be preferable to run a number of tests utilizing different utility sites and types of electric generation... 

Leading programmes to support fuel developments, you ll use combustion fundamentals, combustion diagnostics, flow visualization and modelling toolsets, and deliver technical data based on fuel test programmes. You ll need at least five years mechanical or combustion chemistry experience and a relevant degree, while a PhD in combustion chemistry or similar would be useful. 

Tests with No. 2 Petroleum Distillate Fuel. Tests were performed with No. 2 petroleum distillate fuel to establish a baseline for comparison with the other test fuels. 

The average heat flux coefficient to the primary combustor wall is plotted for the fuels in Figure 9. The results in general displayed a convex character as was observed with NO. 2 fuel. The level of the heat transfer coefficient and its convex trend indicates the importance of radiative heat transfer for these fuels. The maximum value of the coefficient for SCR-II fuel exceeded the maximum for other fuels by 30%. The hydrogen content of SCR-II was less than that for the other fuels tested which apparently resulted in a more intense radiating medium. 

Test Results with Shale Oil Residual Fuel. Tests were performed with a shale oil residual fuel which had the viscosity characteristics of a heavy No. 4 petroleum distillate fuel. The tests were performed after heating the fuel to 160°F to reduce its viscosity to 7 cs in an attempt to enhance the fuel atomization and vaporization process. Even with this degree of heating, this fuel has a viscosity twice the level of other fuels tested. 

The major difference from the laboratory testing is the PNA emissions. First, there is no difference in PNA emissions among the four fuels tested. Secondly, the PNA emissions from the commercial unit are lower than those shown in Table II for the laboratory boiler. This appears true for both the petroleum and coal-derived fuels. 

In the studies carried out to date, eight fuels have been tested which include six synfuels and two petroleum derived fuels. The synfuels tested included SRC-II middle and heavy distillate fuels, a blend of these fuels, and one SRC fuel blended with the process donor solvent. Composition data for the various fuels are presented in Table I, where it can be seen that the coal derived liquids have a higher C H ratio than either the diesel or residual petroleum oils, indicative of a higher aromatic hydrocarbon content. The shale-derived DFM on the other hand is a highly processed fuel and has a C H ratio similar to the petroleum diesel oil. Complete analyses of all the actual fuels tested were unfortunately not available at the time of writing, and, where necessary, typical analyses have been taken from previous studies. 

For all fuels tested, the overall appearance of the flame produced by the collimated droplet stream was of a narrow, luminous sheet of soot forming below the droplet stream as shown... 

Although complete analyses of all tests are not available, the results are encouraging. All fuels tested appear to perform in a similar manner, that is, like No. 2 and No. 6... 

The results of the chassis dynamometer test program are presented in Figures 12 and 13. For the base fuels tested, the most notable change is the decrease in CO emissions. A nominal reduction of 30% is obtained by adding 10% methanol to the base unleaded gasoline. This reduction has also been noted by Wigg and Lunt (11) and by Brinkman et al. (12). 

Table 4. Coir arison between the tar from different fuels tested in Vamamo.

In order to satisfy energy balance requirements, the combustion heat output (Qgaspraiucts) foi" ideal case should equal the net calorific value (Q J of a biomass fuel. Using this relationship, the combustion temperature (T) can be estimated by approximation as shown in Eqn 7. Predicted combustion temperatures for the biomass fuels tested and derived by this method are shown in Table 4. 

Table 1. Fuel test matrix of the co conAustion trials at the moving stoker.

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