Hydrocarbons, with Halogenated

Aliphatic mono-halides, and aromatic hydrocarbons with halogen in side-chain, precipitate silver hdide on treatment with cold aqueous silver nitrate solution. 

From the mono-halogenated hydrocarbon. The halogenated hydrocarbon is converted into the Grignard reagent and the latter allowed to react with diethyl carbonate, for example ... 

Aqueous mineral acids react with BF to yield the hydrates of BF or the hydroxyfluoroboric acids, fluoroboric acid, or boric acid. Solution in aqueous alkali gives the soluble salts of the hydroxyfluoroboric acids, fluoroboric acids, or boric acid. Boron trifluoride, slightly soluble in many organic solvents including saturated hydrocarbons (qv), halogenated hydrocarbons, and aromatic compounds, easily polymerizes unsaturated compounds such as butylenes (qv), styrene (qv), or vinyl esters, as well as easily cleaved cycHc molecules such as tetrahydrofuran (see Furan derivatives). Other molecules containing electron-donating atoms such as O, S, N, P, etc, eg, alcohols, acids, amines, phosphines, and ethers, may dissolve BF to produce soluble adducts. 

A more energy-efficient variation of photohalogenation, which has been used since the 1940s to produce chlorinated solvents, is the Kharasch process (45). Ultraviolet radiation is used to photocleave ben2oyl peroxide (see Peroxides and peroxide compounds). The radical products react with sulfuryl chloride (from SO2 and CI2) to Hberate atomic chlorine and initiate a radical chain process in which hydrocarbons become halogenated. Thus, for Ar = aryl,... 

Halogenation. Succinic acid and succinic anhydride react with halogens through the active methylene groups. Succinic acid heated in a closed vessel at 100°C with bromine yields 2,3-dibromosuccinic acid almost quantitatively. The yield is reduced in the presence of excess water as a result of the formation of brominated hydrocarbons. The anhydride gives the mono- or dibromo derivative, depending on the equivalents of bromine used. 

The most versatile method of preparing ethers is the Williamson ether synthesis, particularly in the preparation of unsymmetrical alkyl ethers (12,13). The reaction of sodium alcoholates with halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons gives the ethers ... 

Halogenated compounds tliiochloro hydrocarbons with 5 to 50 C atoms chlorinated hydrocarbons Liihrication-oil and grease distillation vegetable-protein glues... 

Reaction of the natural rubber hydrocarbon with hydrochloric acid yields rubber hydrochloride. The hydrogen chloride adds on according to Markownikoff s rule (that the halogen atom attaches itself to the carbon atom with the least number of hydrogen atoms). 

Hutchinson TC, Hellebust JA, Tam D et al. 1980. The correlation of the toxicity to algae of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons with their physical-chemical properties. In Afghan BK, MacDay D, eds. Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the Aquatic Environment. New York Plenum Press, 577-586. 

Such a molecule, containing alternating single and double bonds, would be expected to be quite reactive. Actually, benzene is quite unreactive, and its chemical properties resemble those of the alkanes much more than those of the unsaturated hydrocarbons. For example, the characteristic reaction of benzene with halogens resembles that of the reaction of the alkanes ... 

Huibers, P. D. T., Katritzky, A. R., Correlation of the aqueous solubility of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons with molecular structure, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1998, 38, 283-292. 

Three basic methods have been used for the preparation of organodihaloboranes, RBX2 (1) the direct interaction of hydrocarbons with haloboranes, (2) the reaction of organometallic derivatives with haloboranes, and (3) the halogenation of organoboranes. One of the most convenient laboratory procedures involves the reaction of tetraorganotin derivatives with trihaloboranes, BX3.1-8 This reaction works particularly well for the preparation of alkyldihaloboranes as outlined below. 

We have already seen that triphenylmethyl radical reacts both with itself to form Chichibabin s hydrocarbon (formula II, not the diradical) and with halogens and oxygen. The reactions of the stable radical are important because of the expectation that radicals too unstable to isolate will betray their presence by giving similar products. 

Amylose complexes (wet precipitates) were prepared with fluoro-benzene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane, bromo-form, and ferf-butyl alcohol. The conformation and packing of the amylose chains complexed with halogen-substituted hydrocarbons are the same as found in the complex with tert-butyl alcohol, namely,... 

Mersch-Sundermann V, Muller G, Hofmeister A. 1989. Examination of mutagenicity of organic microcontaminations of the environment. IV. Communication the mutagenicity of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons with SOS-Chromotest. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 266-271. 

Common surfactants such as Tween, Triton,5 and sodium dihexyl sulfosuc-cinate, among many others, have been used to extract organic compounds from soil. In the field, they have been particularly useful in the remediation of soils contaminated with halogenated organic compounds, oils, and other hydrocarbon compounds [24],... 

Polymers having average Molecular weight of 15000 are sticky viscous liquids but those with Molecular weight 1,00,000 to 2,00,000 are rubber like. It is soluble in hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents at room temperature. It is largely used as adhesive, for fibre and paper coating, etc. 

Since the solvent properties of dimethyl sulfoxide are widely different from those of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons, it may be difficult to compare the kinetic and thermodynamic data for the C02H group (Table 16) directly with others. However, heating the carboxylic acid (68, X = OH) in toluene affords the sp isomer almost exclusively. Probably, the observed results with the carboxylic acid derive from difficulty in the formation of a hydrogen bond owing to a steric effect, in addition to the nonplanar conformation of the carboxyl group relative to the naphthalene. 

An alkyl halide (also known as a haloalkane) is an alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with halogen atoms, such as F, Cl, Br, or I. The functional group of alkyl halides is R—X, where X represents a halogen atom. Alkyl halides are similar in structure, polarity, and reactivity to alcohols. To name an alkyl halide, first name the parent hydrocarbon. Then use the prefix fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-, with a position number, to indicate the presence of a fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, or iodine atom. The following Sample Problem shows how to name an alkyl halide. 

Friesel, P., Milde, G., and Steiner, B. Interactions of halogenated hydrocarbons with soils, Fresem usZ Anal. Chem., 319 160-164,1984. 

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