Market conditions

This type of study, applied over all the cuts, enables the refinery flow scheme to be defined in order to satisfy a given set of market conditions starting from one or more crude oil feedstocks. 

Na.tura.1 Ga.s Reserves. U.S. natural gas reserves could support a significant methanol fuel program. 1990 proved, ie, well characterized amounts with access to markets and producible at current market conditions U.S. resources are 4.8 trillion cubic meters... 

Hbls Process. Chemische Werke Huls AG has developed a process to produce soda ash and hydrochloric acid from salt via an amine—solvent system (12). A potential advantage of the Huls process is that, under some market conditions, hydrochloric acid may be more easily sold than either ammonium or calcium chloride. 

The demand for DRI varies depending on local market conditions. In industrialized countries, DRI primarily is used as a supplement to scrap for controlling residual elements in electric arc furnace steelmaking. In regions where scrap is scarce, DRI is used as a replacement in production of all grades of steel. In 1993, Latin America produced 9.4 X 10 t (39.3%) of the world s DRI. Middle East/North Africa produced 6.1 X 10 t (25.6%), Asia/Oceania produced 4.4 X 10 t (18.4%), and CIS/Eastem Europe produced 1.7 x 10 t (7.1%). North America produced 1.2 x 10 t (5.0%) Africa, 0.9 x 10 t (3.8%) and Western Europe, 0.2 x 10 t (0.8%) (1). Nearly 79% of the DRI produced is consumed in steel mills adjacent to the DR plants called captive plants. Plants which are designed to sell and ship DRI on the open market are called merchant plants. 

The sale of hides is on a weight basis. The value of a hide depends on the type of animal, the seasonal characteristics, the location of the slaughter, the type of cure, and the market conditions. Cost of the hides is about 50% of the sale price of the leather, so an accurate knowledge of the hides and the leathermaking potential of the hides is critical to commercial success. In the case of furs and exotic skin leather production, the value of the pelt is by far the most important factor (7). 

Commercially, the PMDA mixtures are normally treated with phosgene to produce the corresponding isocyanates. These isocyanate mixtures, commonly called polymeric MDI (PMDI), are sold direcdy and have varied chemical compositions. The 4,4 -MDI can be separated from the PMDI products by distillation or crystallisation (31,32). The amount of 4,4 -MDI that is removed depends on marketing conditions. The residues are also viable commercial products. 

Accordingly, we hold that under modern marketing conditions, when a manufacturer puts a new automobile in the stream of trade and promotes its purchase by the public, an implied warranty that it is reasonably suitable for use as such accompanies it into the hands of the ultimate purchaser. Absence of agency between the manufacturer and the dealer who makes the ultimate sale is immaterial (85). 

The decrease ia wodd sulfur iaveatories eaded ia the period 1990—1992. From 1991 to 1992, sulfur iaveatories remaiaed relatively stable. However, wodd sulfur iaveatories ia 1993 iacreased sharply, to an estimated 11.8 million metric tons. This iacrease was caused by a sharp fall ia wodd demand for phosphate fertilizers, which, because of market conditions, led to a large iacrease ia vattiag sulfur, especially ia Canada. Figure 3 shows wodd sulfur iaventory levels ia the maia produciag couatries or regioas from 1980 through 1994. 

List prices do not reflect actual market conditions because of overcapacity and the shrinking nature of the market. Although present U.S. carbon tetrachloride capacity of 271,900 t/yr is far in excess of demand, many installations are capable of producing other chlorinated hydrocarbons such as p erchlo ro ethylene. 

Exploration. Because it takes years to bring a mine into production, significant new copper deposits are sought and known reserves are expanded more or less continually. These exploration expenditures are highly sensitive to metal market conditions, and, as of this writing, gold is at a better price level than copper. Worldwide exploration continues, however, even after discovery of a deposit and the start of mining. 

Data available from past experience can be used to generate frequency distribution cuiwes. It is essential for a company to have an efficient commercial-intelhgence system to assess market conditions. 

Reviewing and implementing the changing needs of the product in the face of tougher competition or changed market conditions. 

Markt-reife, /. marketable condition, -wert, m. market value, -zettel, m. market report. 

Refiners process many different types of crude oil. As market conditions and crude quality fluctuate, so does cat cracking feedstock. Often the only constant in FCC operations is the continual change in feedstock quality. 

It is likely that the reliable crude oil supply will not diminish any time soon. Petroleum-derived fuels will remain the primary source of transportation energy for well into the twenty-first century. Producers and refiners have been, and will be, environmentally responsible. The existing infrastructure of advanced product distribution systems can compete with alternative fuels readily. Future fuels will be competitive, both economically and environmentally. New global market conditions will dictate closure of inefficient facilities and investment in new technology. Larger and more efficient operations will survive and will focus on the niche market. ... 

In the past, a processor desiring to enter the field had little choice of equipment, but the increased interest in coextrusion has produced a proliferation of equipment. With rapidly changing market conditions and the endless... 

The trick is to find the precise way to use and apply the polymer in a particular market sector to add value to a process or to produce cost-effective benefits. Thus, any particular polymer chemistry may be made available to the market in several different derivative forms, in several strengths, and at various prices to suit the particular market conditions. 

Historically, U.S. pulp and paper companies have invested heavily in capital improvements to their facilities. Capital investments in recent years, however, are well below historic levels due to the difficult market conditions. For the first time, industry capacity actually declined in 2001.1 2 3 Because few new mills are being built, most capital expenditures are for plant expansions, upgrades, and environmental protection initiatives at existing facilities. Throughout the time period 1985-1999, capital improvements related to environmental protection claimed from 4% to 22% of the total investments, with significant increases in the early and late 1990s.1... 

At the time Kladko s article (5) was prepared, market conditions dictated that it would not be financially remunerative to develop a continuous process for producing B by the reaction discussed in Illustration 10.1 and other illustrations in this chapter. Consequently they considered the possibility of using a semibatch... 

Aside from market conditions, supply, and demand, four elements (Fig. 12.15) strongly impact the successful commercialization and diffusion of a printed (or other) technology platform into the market (1) standards, (2) awareness, (3) supply chain, and (4) quality control/assurance. Each of these elements is typically addressed prior to commercialization, although these elements are not a prerequisite for success. 

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