Pyrolysis liquids

In summary, it is essential that we develop a cost-effective infrastructure for production, collection, storage and pre-treatment of biomass. As highlighted by Nilsson and Kadam, the economic success of a large biorefinery will greatly depend upon the fundamental logistics of a consistent and orderly flow of feedstocks. (Nilsson, 1999 Kadam et al., 2000). Localised small-scale (and perhaps mobile) pre-treatment units will be necessary to minimise transportation costs and supply the biorefinery with a stabilised feedstock (e.g. in the form of a dry solid or a liquid (pyrolysis oil)), which can be stored and thus allow the biorefinery to run... 

Pyrolysis of biomass is a thermochemical conversion technology of solid biomass into a liquid ( pyrolysis oil , bio-oil ). This liquid can be used as a fuel with properties comparable to (crude) mineral oils. The pyrolysis process itself is not subject to this paper, the technology is described in (6), where there is also given a equation for calculating the cost of the pyrolysis oil depending on plant size and feedstock price. 

Figure 3. Material balance for separation of liquid pyrolysi product from eastern spruce wood.

Venderbosch RH, Mugjen G. Information on the BTC bioliquids refinery can be found in the BTC information leaflet btg-btl, biomass-to-liquid, pyrolysis oil, the sustainable alternative. 2010. wrww.btg-btl.com. 

A mass spectrometric analysis of the pyrolysis products of hardened epoxide resins based on polyphenols (Table 21) was conducted in [5]. The balance cited with respect to the amount of volatile and liquid pyrolysis products, as well as according to the magnitude of the solid residue, is in agreement with the data cited in [2]. 

Qrera A, Comet A, Morante JR, Olaizola SM, Castano E, Gracia J (2000) Comparative stmctural study between sputtered and liquid pyrolysis nanocrystaUine SnO. Mater Sci Eng B 69-70 406-410 Dai ZR, Gole JL, Stout JD, Wang ZL (2002) Tin oxide nanowires, nanoribbons, and nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 106 1274-1279... 

For the separation presented in Fig. 6, 2000 g of Me3SiH were pyrolysed, from which 1240 g of liquid pyrolysis products were obtained. Gaseous and volatile compounds were also obtained from the pyrolysis of Me3SiH, in volume % 41.0 ... 

Chung et al. [23] have investigated the effects of NaOH concentration and reaction lime on the mineralogical structure of zeolites synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of fly ash with NaOH solution. It has been reported that the effect of these zeolites on the pyrolysis behavior of low density polyethylene and polypropylene can be delineated in terms of recovery and distribution of boiling points of liquid pyrolysis products. It appears that the fly ash derived zeolites are not effective for low density polyethylene (LDPE) pyrolysis but slightly effective for polypropylene pyrolysis. 

On the basis of laboratory work of Morell and co-workers, a pilot plant was set up for further study of the pyrolysis step. Results are reported by Schniepp, Dunning, Geller, Morell, and Lathrop (115). The equipment consisted essentially of a metal pyrolysis coil in a bath of molten lead for the main step of the process. Vapors from the coil were cooled rapidly in a quench chamber and passed through a packed column where acetic acid and other liquid pyrolysis products were washed out. The butadiene gas was scrubbed, dried, compressed, and finally condensed to liquid for collection and weighing. It is interesting at this point to note the pilot plant recoveries tabulated by Schniepp and co-workers. These are given below as over-all recoveries of butadiene from the glycol. 

Fig. 4.24 Heat of immersion of a carbon (prepared by pyrolysis of Saran Polymer A) in different liquids at 300 K. The liquids for points 1-6 were (I) methanol (2) benzene (3) n-hexane (4) 3-methyl benzene (5) 2,2-dimethyl butane (6) 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane. The abscissae represent the molar volumes of the liquids. (Redrawn from the original diagram of Barton, Beswick and Harrison. " )...

Journal of Analysis and Applied Pyrolysis Journal of Chromatographic Science Journal of Chromatography Journal of Environmental Monitoring Journal of Liquid Chromatography Journal of Mass Spectrometry... 

Disposal of exhausted soHds can be easily overlooked at the plant design stage, particularly when these have no intrinsic value alternative disposal methods might include landfiU of inert material or incineration, hydrolysis, or pyrolysis of organic materials. Liquid, soHd, and gaseous emissions are aU subject to the usual environmental considerations. 

Fig. 10. Liquid-fuel production by flash pyrolysis usiag char recycle.

Table 17. Properties and Analysis of Liquid Fuel and No. 6 Fuel Oil Liquid fuel produced by flash pyrolysis using char recycle (Fig. 10).

Liquid Fuels. Liquid fuels can be obtained as by-products of low temperature carbonization by pyrolysis, solvent refining, or extraction and gasification followed by catalytic conversion of either the coal or the products from the coal. A continuing iaterest ia Hquid fuels has produced activity ia each of these areas (44—46). However, because cmde oil prices have historically remained below the price at which synthetic fuels can be produced, commercialization awaits an economic reversal. 

Thermolysis of 4-methyl(4-phenyl)isoxazolin-5-one produced a-cyanophenylacetic acid <67JHC533). The pyrolysis of 3-methylisoxazoline-4,5-dione 4-oxime generated fulminic acid, which was trapped in a liquid N2 cooled condenser for further study. Pyrolysis of metal salts such as Ag or Na produced the corresponding highly explosive salts of fulminic acid 79AG503). Treatment of the oxime with amines generated bis-a,/3-oximinopropionamides (Scheme 65) <68AC(R)189). 

Ketene [463-51-4] M 42.0, b 127-130 , d 1.093, n 1.441. Prepared by pyrolysis of acetic anhydride. Purified by passage through a trap at -75° and collected in a liquid-nitrogen-cooled trap. Ethylene was removed by evacuating the ethylene in an isopentane-liquid-nitrogen slush pack at -160°. Stored at room temperature in a suitable container in the dark. See diketene on p. 209. 

Several methods ean be employed to eonvert eoal into liquids, with or without the addition of a solvent or vehiele. Those methods which rely on simple pyrolysis or carbonization produce some liquids, but the mam produet is eoke or char Extraction yields can be dramatically increased by heating the coal over 350°C in heavy solvents sueh as anthraeene or eoal-tar oils, sometimes with applied hydrogen pressure, or the addition of a eatalyst Solvent eomponents whieh are espeeially benefieial to the dissolution and stability of the produets eontain saturated aromatic structures, for example, as found in 1,2,3,4 tctrahydronaphthalene Ilydroaromatie eompounds are known to transfer hydrogen atoms to the coal molecules and, thus, prevent polymerization... 

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