Study estimate

Several studies estimate the potential of available virgin and waste biomass as energy resources (Table 4) (10). In Table 4, the projected potential of the recoverable materials is about 25% of the theoretical maximum woody biomass is about 70% of the total recoverable potential. These estimates of biomass energy potential are based on existing, sustainable biomass production and do not iaclude new, dedicated biomass energy plantations that might be developed. 

Study estimate (factored estimate). Better than order-of-magnitude requires knowledge of major items of equipment used for feasibihty surveys probable error up to 30 percent. 

Preliminaiy e.stimate (budget-authoiization e.stimate). Requires more detailed information than study estimate probable error up to 20 percent. 

Dry eye is a frequent cause of eye irritation. A lack of a single diagnostic test for the condition limits the available epidemiologic data. One study estimated the prevalence of dry eye in the United States population age 65 and older at 14.6%, which is approximately 4.3 million Americans.29... 

Table 5 Liquid Turf Study Estimated Doses of Chlorpyrifos Based on Biomonitoring and Physical Measurements...

QWASL As QWASI focuses on aquatic systems, either one or more of the following input data is needed in order to calculate the partitioning of substances between air, water, and sediment Emissions to water, concentration in effluents, or concentration in (emitted) air. For lead, the SFA-study estimated that approximately 9,020 kg of Pb is being emitted to water each year (0.02 kg year-1 from... 

EUSES. As in the case of USEtox model, the present model provides outputs such as human intake fraction of a certain substance for different exposure pathways. In the present case study, estimation of the human intake doses for Guiyu was calculated. These results were compared with the incidence and severity of the effects (dose-response assessment). 

The number of individuals needed depends upon the complexity of the process and, to some extent, the stage at which the process is being evaluated. Normally, a PrHA using this method requires fewer people and shorter meetings than does a more structured method such as a HAZOP study. Estimates of the time needed to perform a PrHA using the what-if/ checklist analysis method are shown in Table 4.11. 

Table I summarizes the bond energies for the M-OH bond that result from the electrochemical data and this calculation. The values compare closely with those for gas-phase M-0 bond energies (15). A recent gas-phase study estimates that the Au-OH bond energy is greater than 62.5 kcal (16).

CAM has become a big business as Americans dip into their wallets to pay for alternative treatments. A 1997 American Medical Association study estimated that the public spent 21.2 billion for alternative medicine therapies in that year, more than half of which were out-of-(20) pocket expenditures, meaning they were not covered by health insurance. Indeed, Americans made more out-of-pocket expenditures for alternative services than they did for out-of-pocket payments for hospital stays in 1997. In addition, the number of total visits to alternative medicine providers (about 629 million) exceeded the tally of visits (25) to primary care physicians (386 million) in that year. 

Another problem is cost-effectiveness, hydrogen must be able to compete with alternative strategies including more fuel- efficient internal combustion engine vehicles. The Shell studies estimate that the cost in the U.S. to supply 2% of cars with hydrogen by 2020 is about 20 billion. 

In Canada, where endrin was registered for use from 1954 to 1990, a dietary intake study estimated the adult annual intake of endrin at approximately 32 pg (0.001 pg/kg [ppb] body weight/day) (Davies 1988). 

In a prospective study of over 900,000 adults in the USA, increased BMI was associated with increased death rates from all cancers combined, as well as for cancers at multiple specific sites." The authors of this study estimated that obesity and overweight in the USA could account for 14% of all deaths from cancer in men and 20% in women. As well as the substantial human cost from obesity-associated disease and premature mortality, obesity has serious consequences for the economy. In the UK, it has been estimated that obesity leads to 18 million sick days a year, 40,000 lost years of working life and shortening of life by 9 years on average. Treatment costs to the National Health Service are of the order of 0.5 billion a year and the impact on the wider economy may be as high as 2 billion. ... 

Processing Case Study Estimating Abundance of Sample Components... 

Study estimate (factored estimate). This type requires knowledge of preliminary material and energy balances as well as major equipment items. It has a probable accuracy of-25 to -1-30 percent. 

While their previous study estimated R D expenditures per new drug at 231 million in 1987 dollars, their more recent one provides an estimate of 802 million in 2000 dollars. These figures indicate sharply higher costs for new product development. From this vantage point as well, the growth of a science-based research effort has not reduced research costs but led to higher ones. 

One source estimated the cost of bioremediating explosives-contaminated soil to be 50 to 400 (1995 dollars) per cubic yard of soil treated. This estimate does not always include all indirect costs associated with treatment such as excavation, permits, and treatment of residuals. A U.S. Army study estimated that to treat less than 10,000 tons of contaminated soil, the cost would be 651 per ton for mechanically agitated composting, and 386 per ton for windrow composting (D17224H, p. 29). 

Item Multistage In-Well Aerator ( ) Actual Low Bid Stacked Tray ( ) Feasibility Study Estimates ( )... 

Adolescent bipolar disorder (BD) was described in the early twentieth century writings of Kraeplin, who noted a significant emergence of BD at puberty (Kraeplin, 1921). It is only within the past decade, however, that adolescent-onset BD has begun to receive significant research attention. Studies estimate the prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders (e.g., bipolar I, bipolar II, bipolar not otherwise specified) as being 1% in adolescents (Lewinsohn et ah, 1995). In addition, it is estimated that 20%-40% of adults with BD experi-... 

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