Pesticides endrin

Despite endrin s low vapor pressure of 2.0xlCl7 mm Hg (EPA 198la), initial volatilization of 20-30% after agricultural application to soil has been reported to be rapid (Nash 1983). Within 11 days, however, further volatilization was no longer detected (Nash 1983). Unlike some other chlorinated pesticides, endrin volatilization was not enhanced after a rainfall. Small amounts of endrin in soil may also be transported to the air by dust particles. 

Very little recent information on concentrations of endrin in water could be found in the available literature. Unlike DDT, chlordane, aldrin/dieldrin, and a variety of other chlorinated pesticides, endrin was never used extensively in urban areas. This is reflected in the results from EPA s Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, which showed no detections in 86 high-flow water samples from 51 urbanized watersheds from 19 cities (Cole et al. 1984). Analysis of EPA STORET monitoring information from ambient surface water showed a significant percentage of detections for endrin (32% of 8,789 samples), but most were near the detection limits, with a national median concentration of 0.001 ppb (Staples et al. 1985). A similar analysis of STORET data for endrin aldehyde showed that this compound was not found in 770 samples of ambient surface water. More recently, endrin was not detected (detection limit 49 ng/L [0.045 ppb]) in surface water from the Yakima River Basin, Washington (Foster et al. 1993). However, in... 

Waller K, Prendergast TJ, Slagle A, et al. 1992. Seizures after eating a snack food contaminated with the pesticide endrin The tale of the toxic taquitos. The Western Journal of Medicine 157(6) 648-651. 

Wolfe HR, Durham WF, Armstrong JF. 1963. Health hazards of the pesticides endrin and dieldrin Hazards in some agricultural uses in the Pacific Northwest. Arch Environ Health 6 458-464. 

Pesticide wastes that are hazardous by reason of the characteristics are those which are either solvent based and have a flash point <60 °C are aqueous and have a pH <2.0 or >12.5 release HCN or H2S upon contact with acids or leach greater than threshold levels of one or more of the elements arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium and silver, or the pesticides endrin, lindane, methoxychlor, toxa-phene, 2,4-D or 2,4,5-TP. To date, these are the only pesticides for which thresholds have been established. 

As indicated in Table VII, 13 of the 18 OCPs were retrieved in excess of 90% recovery during the first extraction. The remaining four OCPs, endrin, endosulfan n, endosulfan sulfate, and methoxychlor were recovered at levels between 10-57%. Since no significant amount of any OCP was recovered during the follow-up extraction, breakdown of some organochlorine pesticides endrin in the injection port of the GC was suspected. 

Two common pesticides Endrin and DDT are susceptible to decomposition on dirty injection port. The former oxidizes to Endrin aldehyde and Endrin ketone, while the latter degrades to 4,4 -DDE and 4.4 -DDD. If degradation of either of these analytes exceeds 20%, corrective action should be taken before performing calibration. The percent breakdown is calculated as follows ... 

Abstract. In this study honey collected from local markets or made by private peasants from eighteen regions of Romania during years 2002-2004 were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). An analytical procedure based on liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) has been developed. For clean-up and preconcentration purposes was used a usual sorbent material (florisil). Limits of detection were from 0.02 and 0.05 pg /Kg. The pesticide endrin was the most frequently detected in 61% of the samples, followed by dieldrin in 16% of the samples. DDT and their metabolites were detected in 11% of the samples. Results indicate that honey consumers should not be concerned about the amounts of organic pollutants found in Romanian honey. 

Lindane is one of eight different hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), C H Cl, isomers and its Chemical Abstract n.2cniQ is la, 2a 3P, 4a, 5a 6P-hexachlorocyclohexane [58-89-9] (y-HCH or y-BHC, ben2ene hexachloride) (80). Commercial products containing lindane are marketed as either a mixture of isomers or as the pure y-BHC isomer. Not unexpectedly, lindane is a highly stable lipophilic compound and it has been used extensively worldwide as an insecticide. In contrast, hexachloropentadiene, C Cl, is an extremely reactive industrial intermediate used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of a broad range of cyclodiene-derived pesticides, which include endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, and several different organohalogen flame retardants (81). 

Figure 15.1 Separation of pesticides from butter by using LC-GC-ECD. Peak identification is as follows 1, HCB 2, lindane 5, aldrin 7, o,p -DDE 10, endrin 11, o,p -DDT 13, p,p -DDT peaks 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15 and 16 were not identified. Adapted from Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 13, R. Barcarolo, Coupled EC-GC a new method for the on-line analysis of organchlorine pesticide residues in fat , pp. 465-469, 1990, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

The reagent sequence is specific for endosulfan and phosphamidon. Other insecticides, e.g. organochlorine insecticides, such as endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, DDT and BHC, organophosphorus insecticides, such as malathion, parathion, dimethoate, quinalphos, phorate and fenitrothion, or carbamate insecticides, such as baygon, car-baryl and carbofuran do not react. Neither is there interference from amino acids, peptides or proteins which might be extracted from the biological material together with the pesticides. 

Rajukkannu K, Raj RR, Asaf AK, et al. 1976. Residues of endrin, parathion, carbaryl and endosulfan in vegetables. Pesticides 10 19-20. 

A waste is toxic under 40 CFR Part 261 if the extract from a sample of the waste exceeds specified limits for any one of eight elements and five pesticides (arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, endrin, methoxychlor, toxaphene, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-TP Silvex using extraction procedure (EP) toxicity test methods. Note that this narrow definition of toxicity relates to whether a waste is defined as hazardous for regulatory purposes in the context of this chapter, toxicity has a broader meaning because most deep-well-injected wastes have properties that can be toxic to living organisms. 

Wilson and co-workers [332, 333] have discussed the determination of aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, lindane, o,p and p,p isomers of DDT and its metabolites, mirex, and toxaphene in seawater and molluscs. The US environmental Protection Agency has also published methods for organochlo-rine pesticides in water and wastewater. The Food and Drug Administration (USA) [334] has conducted a collaborative study of a method for multiple organochlorine insecticides in fish. Earlier work by Wilson et al. [333, 335] in 1968 indicated that organochlorine pesticides were not stable in seawater. 

Loganathan, B.G., S. Tanabe, M. Goto, and R. Tatsukawa. 1989. Temporal trends of organochlorine residues in lizard goby Rhinogobius flumineus from the River Nagaragawa, Japan. Environ. Pollut. 62 237-251. Ludke, J.L. 1976. Organochlorine pesticide residues associated with mortality additivity of chlordane and endrin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16 253-259. 

Terrence Collins is the Thomas Lord Professor of Chemistry at Carnegie Mellon University who contends that the dangers of chlorine chemistry are not adequately addressed by either academe or industry, and alternatives to chlorine and chlorine processors must be pursued. He notes, Many serious pollution episodes are attributable to chlorine products and processes. This information also belongs in chemistry courses to help avoid related mistakes. Examples include dioxin-contaminated 2,4,5-T, extensively used as a peacetime herbicide and as a component of the Vietnam War s agent orange chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs the pesticides aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, DDT, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, mirex, and toxaphene pentachlorophe-... 

Snyder et al. [20] have compared supercritical fluid extraction with classical sonication and Soxhlet extraction for the extraction of selected pesticides from soils. Samples extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 3% methanol at 350atm and 50°C gave a =85% recovery of organochlorine insecticides including Dichlorvos, Endrin, Endrin aldehyde, p,p -DDT mirex and decachlorobiphenyl (and organophosphorus insecticides). 

Endrin is a solid, white, almost odorless substance that was used as a pesticide to control insects, rodents, and birds. Endrin has not been produced or sold for general use in the United States since 1986. Little is known about the properties of endrin aldehyde, an impurity and breakdown product of endrin, or endrin ketone, which is a product of endrin when it is exposed to light. 

Hassoun et al. (1993) examined the effects of various pesticides on lipid peroxidation and DNA single strand breakage in the hepatic cells of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were dosed orally once with endrin at 4.5 mg/kg, lindane at 30 mg/kg, chlordane at 120 mg/kg, or DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloro-ethane) at 40 mg/kg, or vehicle only (com oil, control). At 6, 12, and 24 hours post-dosing, 4 animals from each group were sacrificed, their livers removed, and prepared for lipid peroxidation assay. Lipid peroxidation was measured calorimetrically by determining the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formed. Exposure to endrin resulted in a 14.5% increase in hepatic mitochondrial... 

Organochlorine pesticides have been detected in samples of fat tissues. However, endrin was not found in adipose tissue samples of the general population (Stanley 1986 Williams et al. 1988). In pesticide manufacturing workers, endrin was found in the adipose tissue only after very high exposures. Endrin has been detected in the milk of lactating women (0.02-6.24 mg/kg milk fat) (Alawi et al. 1992 Bordet et al. 1993). In conclusion, the quantitation of endrin exposure, via parent compound or metabolite, remains difficult at best. Further studies characterizing the pharmacokinetics of endrin are needed. 

Endrin is no longer manufactured in the United States. Velsicol Chemical Company, Memphis, Tennessee, was the producer of endrin until the final voluntary cancellation of registration with the Office of Pesticide Programs in 1991 (Bishop 1984, 1985, 1986 EPA 1983e USDA 1995). It is estimated that 2.3-4.5 million kg (5.1-9.9 million pounds) of endrin were sold in the United States in 1962, while less than 450,000 kg (990,000 pounds) were produced in 1971 (IARC 1974). More recent estimates of domestic production of endrin could not be found (HSDB 1995). As with many toxic chemicals, information on production or use of pesticides is often proprietary, and quantitative estimates of production of endrin are virtually impossible to obtain (Bason and Colbom 1992). Chemical manufacturers in the United States however, can legally produce pesticides for export that are currently banned or not registered for use in the United States (FASE 1996). No information on the production of endrin was available from the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) because endrin is not one of the chemicals that facilities are required to report (EPA 1995a). 

Data on historic imports and exports of endrin are sparse. The most recent data that could be located indicate that about 21,000 kg (46,000 pounds) of endrin were imported into the United States in 1972 (IARC 1974). No information on export volumes of endrin was located. Recently, however, the Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education reported that almost 75% of the 750,000 tons of pesticides the United States exported from 1992 to 1994 lacked chemical-specific information (FASE 1996). Many of the exported pesticides were organochlorine pesticides which had been banned for use in the United States. 

Endrin was introduced in the United States in 1951 as an avicide, rodenticide and insecticide. Its principal use to control the cotton bollworm and tobacco budworm peaked in the early 1970s. In 1979, the EPA canceled some uses of endrin and indicated its intent to cancel all uses of endrin (EPA 1979f USDA 1995). By 1986, all uses were voluntarily canceled (Bishop 1984, 1985, 1986 EPA 1993e USDA 1995), except for its use as a toxicant on bird perches, which was canceled in 1991 (USDA 1995). Endrin also was a contaminant in dieldrin (Verschueren 1983) however, all uses of this pesticide have been canceled since the mid-1980s (EPA 1992b). Consequently, there are no longer any significant releases of endrin to the environment in the United States. 

In the past, endrin could have been released to surface water from manufacturing and processing facilities. No information on direct discharges or loadings of endrin into surface water was found. Based on amounts measured in rainfall at various stations in Canada, loading estimates for endrin and a number of other organochlorine pesticides have been attempted for portions of the Great Lakes basin (Strachan... 

The sources for such loadings to receiving waters are not clear, but would likely involve in-place contaminants related to endrin s past uses as a pesticide agent. Current studies in Oklahoma indicate that in some areas of the United States endrin is still being released to surface water from farmland soils that have been treated with endrin in the past (Petty et al. 1995). 

Past use of endrin as an agricultural pesticide has been the principal source of its release to soils or aquatic sediments. There is also a potential for release of endrin, endrin aldehyde, and endrin ketone to soils and sediments from hazardous waste sites. Endrin has been detected in soil samples collected at 44 of the 102 NPL sites, and in sediment samples collected at 19 of the 102 NPL sites where endrin has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). Endrin ketone has been detected in soil samples collected at 23 of the 37 NPL sites, and in sediment samples collected at 5 of the 37 NPL sites where endrin ketone has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). No information was found on detections of endrin aldehyde in soils or sediments at any NPL hazardous waste site (HazDat 1996). 

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