Soil samples collecting

In 1976 scientists at the Merck Corporation discovered a complex of eight closely related natural products, subsequently named avermectins A through in a culture of Streptomjces avermitilis MA-4680 (NRRL8165) originating from a soil sample collected at Kawana, Ito City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan and isolated by the Kitasato Institute. Their stmctures are shown in Figure 1 (1 6). They are among the most potent anthelmintic, insecticidal, and acaricidal compounds known. 

Geological surveys require the services of analytical chemists to determine the composition of the numerous rock and soil samples collected in the field. A particular instance of such an exercise is the qualitative and quantitative examination of the samples of moon rock brought back to Earth in 1969 by the first American astronauts to land on the moon. 

A secondary metabolite produced by Tolypocladium inflation. This fungus was initially isolated in a soil sample collected in Norway. Cyclosporin A is a cyclic undecapeptide. Inside cells, cyclosporine A binds its immunophillin receptor known as cyclophillin. Like the FK506-FKBP12 complex, cyclosporin A-cyclophillin binds and inhibits the protein phosphatase calcineurin. 

Rapamycin is a macrocyclic lactone produced by Streptomyces hygroscopious. This bacterium was originally cultured from a soil sample collected on Easter Island (known locally as Rapa Nui hence the name rapamycin). Parenthetically, rapamycin shares an interesting mode of action with two other antifungal and immunosuppressive compounds, FK506and cyclosporin A. Inside cells, rapamycin first binds to FKBP12, a small protein receptor known as an immunophilin. FKBP12 is not an essential protein but is an important cofactor required for rapamycin to bind and inhibit TOR. 

Functional screening of a soil metagenomic library for cellulases revealed a total of eight cellulolytic clones, one of which was purified and characterized [58]. Despite the fact that this library had been generated from a soil sample collected from a... 

A cytotoxic alkaloid has been isolated from the filamentous species Hapalosi-phon forUinalis strain V-3-1. This isolate was made from soil samples collected in the Marshall Islands in 1981. This strain produces the lipophilic compound hapalindole A, which has a broad range of antialgal and antimycotic activity (9). OscUlatoria acutissima strain B-1, isolated from a freshwater pond in Oahu, was found to produce two novel macrolide compounds termed acutiphycin and 20, 21-didehydroacutiphycin. These macrolides show cytotoxicity (KB and NIH/3T3) and antitumor activity (Murine Lewis lung carcinoma) (10). 

In the laboratory, soil samples collected in the held are mixed thoroughly and reduced in size to laboratory samples. The air-dried soils are passed through a 2-mm sieve in order to remove stones and roots, then the water content of the soil is calculated after drying at 105 °C for 5h. If the analytical samples cannot be analyzed immediately after drying and sieving, they should be stored at about —20 °C in glass or Teflon bottles fltted with screw-caps. 

When applied to wheat. Compound A was readily detected in soil samples collected beneath the treated canopy. Compound B was detected only sporadically in soil. Due in part to a greater application volume (1000 vs 300 Lha water) and a higher application rate for Compound B, both compounds were more consistently detected in soil following application to apple foliage. It is often difficult to establish dissipation kinetics under these conditions because as residues in the soil dissipate, additional compound may continue to be deposited on the soil, resulting in a complex, variable dissipation pattern. As a result, it is not always practical or advisable to study soil dissipation in the presence of a crop. 

DP-6 over 3000 soil samples collected from several terrestrial field dissipation studies. The sample procedural recoveries using this method, conducted concurrently with the treated samples during soil residue analysis, are summarized in Table 5. This method was proven to be short, rugged, sensitive, and suitable for measuring residues in soil and sediment at levels down to 0.01 mg kg . The reproducibility of the methods also indicated acceptable method performance and, as a result, thousands of samples were analyzed using this methodology. 

Nuclear Power Plants. EPRI (1981) conducted a survey of transuranic radionuclides in the terrestrial environs of nuclear power plant in 1978-1979. The plants included two PWRs and two BWRs that were of modem design and had been in operation at least 3 years. The 241Am levels in soil samples collected around all of the power plants were indistinguishable from fallout background. 

Lead has been identified in soil samples collected at 675 of the 1,026 NPL hazardous waste sites, in sediment samples collected at 456 of the 1,026 NPL hazardous waste sites, and in soil-gas samples collected at 2 of the 1,026 NPL hazardous waste sites where it was detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1998). 

Epothilones A, B and E (4,5 and 6) (Fig. 2) are representative members of a new class of bacterially derived natural products which exhibit potent biological activity. Isolated by Hofle and coworkers [6] from a soil sample collected near the Zambesi river, the compounds have provided a great deal of excitement in the scientific community due to their potent cytotoxicity against a number of multiple drug-resistant tumor cell lines and because of the mechanism by which they exert this effect. Like Taxol [7], the epothilones promote the combination of a- and 3-tubulin subunits and stabilize the resulting microtubule structures. This mode of action inhibits the cell division process and is, therefore, an attractive strategy for cancer chemotherapy [7,8]. 

Carbon analyses for CAR05-T02 may contain interference from high sulfide content of sample. b B-horizon soil sample collected beneath an up-rooted tree over mineralized bedrock. 

Past use of endrin as an agricultural pesticide has been the principal source of its release to soils or aquatic sediments. There is also a potential for release of endrin, endrin aldehyde, and endrin ketone to soils and sediments from hazardous waste sites. Endrin has been detected in soil samples collected at 44 of the 102 NPL sites, and in sediment samples collected at 19 of the 102 NPL sites where endrin has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). Endrin ketone has been detected in soil samples collected at 23 of the 37 NPL sites, and in sediment samples collected at 5 of the 37 NPL sites where endrin ketone has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). No information was found on detections of endrin aldehyde in soils or sediments at any NPL hazardous waste site (HazDat 1996). 

No information was found in the available literature on levels of endrin aldehyde in soil or endrin ketone in sediment or soil. Endrin ketone has been detected in soil samples collected at 23 of the 37 NPL sites and in sediment samples collected at 5 of the 37 NPL sites where endrin ketone has been detected in some environmental medium however, concentrations were not reported (HazDat 1996). 

Holt and Bernstein [3] conducted a second monitoring exercise to determine LAS along with linear alkyl benzene in sludge-amended soils. Analyses of the anionic surfactant followed the previously established method [2], The agricultural lands sampled had all been surface spread with primary or anaerobically digested sludge. In seven out of nine soil samples collected from fields with sludge application in previous years, the mean LAS level was below... 

Releases of thiocyanate to soil result from anthropogenic and natural sources. Anthropogenic releases occur primarily from direct application in herbicidal formulations (e.g., amitrol-T, a mixture of ammonium thiocyanate and amino-1,2,4-triazole) and from disposal as byproducts from industrial processes. Nonanthropogenic sources include damaged or decaying tissues of plants from the family Brassica (e.g., mustard, rape) (Brown and Morra 1993). Thiocyanate has been detected in soil samples collected at 2 of the 8 hazardous waste sites, and in sediment samples at 3 of the 8 hazardous waste sites where thiocyanate has been detected in some medium (HazDat 1996). The HazDat information used includes data from both NPL and other Superfund sites. 

Two types of kits are discussed in this section, sample collection kits and field test kits. Sample collection kits will generally contain all sample containers, materials, supplies, and forms necessary to perform sample collection activities. Field test kits contain the equipment and supplies necessary to perform field safety screening and rapid field testing of the air, water, and/or soil. Sample collection kits will generally be less expensive to construct than field test kits. Sample collection kits can be pre-positioned throughout a system, while the more expensive field kits may be assigned to specific site characterization teams or personnel. 

Water, air, and/or soil samples collected for the purpose of confirming/dismissing a contamination threat and identifying a contaminant could potentially be considered evidence and should be handled accordingly. 

Dibromoethane has been detected in an estimated 0.12% of the soil samples collected from the 2,783 hazardous waste sites that have had samples analyzed by the CLP a positive geometric concentration value was not reported (CLPSD 1988). Note that the CLPSD includes data from both NPL and non-NPL sites. 

Possible releases of heptachlor to soil may occur at hazardous waste sites or as a result of landfill leachate. Residues of heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide exist in soil as a result of past usage of heptachlor for both agricultural and nonagricultural purposes. Heptachlor was detected in 0.71% of the soil samples taken from the NPL sites included in the CLPSD at an estimated mean concentration of 4.07 ppb in the positive samples (CLPSD 1989). Heptachlor epoxide was not listed in the CLPSD of chemicals detected in soil samples collected at NPL sites. Note that the information from the CLPSD includes data from NPL sites only. 

Biological. Microbial degradation of trichloroethylene via sequential dehalogenation produced cis- and /ra/3s-l,2-dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride (Smith and Dragun, 1984). Anoxic microcosms in sediment and water degraded trichloroethylene to 1,2-dichloroethylene and then to vinyl chloride (Barrio-Lage et al., 1986). Trichloroethylene in soil samples collected from Des Moines, lA anaerobically degraded to 1,2-dichloroethylene. The production of 1,1-dichloroethylene was not observed in this study (Kleopfer et al., 1985). 

Soil Samples. Five methods of extraction were evaluated for soil samples collected at the Horticulture pit. The results for this evaluation are tabulated in Table II. The Woolson procedure ( 3) was selected for use throughout the course of our investigations of all soil and sediment samples. 

In October 1973, soil samples collected from Grids I and II were analyzed and found to contain significant levels of TCDD. Highest TCDD residues (740-1,500 parts per trillion, ppt) were found on Grid I, the area sprayed with Herbicide Purple In 1962-1964. Subsequent soil samples confirmed TCDD contamination throughout three of the four test grids. The persistence of TCDD In the soils of Test Area C-52A has recently been described by Young, 1983 ( 4). 

As with the studies on the herbicide spray equipment testing grids at Eglln AFB, Florida, the studies of the biodegradation plots confirmed the presence and persistence of TCDD. Analysis of soil samples collected from the Utah plots in 1978 indicated that 85 percent of the amount of TCDD originally extracted In 1972 could be recovered, suggesting that TCDD applied subsurface was minimally disappearing. 

Table VII. Concentration (ppm) of Total Herbicides, Total Phenols, and TCDD In 12 Soil Samples Collected July 1977 from the Herbicide Orange Storage Areas, Johnston Island and...

---