Paint and ink

W. M. Morgans, Pigments for Paints and Inks, SITA Technology, London, 1977. 

Available Forms. Phthalocyanines are available as powders, in paste, or Hquid forms. They can be dispersed in various media suitable for aqueous, nonaqueous, or multipurpose systems, eg, polyethylene, polyamide, or nitrocellulose. Inert materials like clay, barium sulfate, calcium carbonates, or aluminum hydrate are the most common soHd extenders. Predispersed concentrates of the pigments, like flushes, are interesting for manufacturers of paints and inks (156), who do not own grinding or dispersing equipment. Pigment—water pastes, ie, presscakes, containing 50—75% weight of water, are also available. 

Orifice. Orifice viscometers, also called efflux or cup viscometers, are commonly used to measure and control flow properties in the manufacture, processing, and appHcation of inks, paints, adhesives, and lubricating oils. Their design answered the need for simple, easy-to-operate viscometers in areas where precision and accuracy are not particularly important. In these situations knowledge of a tme viscosity is uimecessary, and the efflux time of a fixed volume of Hquid is a sufficient indication of the fluidity of the material. Examples of orifice viscometers include the Ford, Zahn, and Shell cups used for paints and inks and the Saybolt Universal and Furol instmments used for oils (Table 5). 

The metal salts of neodecanoic acid have found wide usage as driers for paints and inks (95,96). Metal neodecanoates that are used include silver (80), cobalt (82), and zirconium (79), along with lead, copper, manganese, and 2inc (see Driers and metallic soaps). 

Cobalt as a Colorant in Ceramics, Glasses, and Paints. Cobalt(II) ion displays a variety of colors in soHd form or solution ranging from pinks and reds to blues or greens. It has been used for hundreds of years to impart color to glasses and ceramics (qv) or as a pigment in paints and inks (see CoLORANTS FOR CERAMICS). The pink or red colors are generally associated with cobalt(II) ion in an octahedral environment and the chromophore is typically Co—O. The tetrahedral cobalt ion, Co—chromophore, is sometimes green, but usually blue in color. 

Time-dependent fluids are those for which structural rearrangements occur during deformation at a rate too slow to maintain equilibrium configurations. As a result, shear stress changes with duration of shear. Thixotropic fluids, such as mayonnaise, clay suspensions used as drilling muds, and some paints and inks, show decreasing shear stress with time at constant shear rate. A detailed description of thixotropic behavior and a list of thixotropic systems is found in Bauer and Colhns (ibid.). 

Lake or pigment dyes form insoluble compounds with aluminum, barium, or chromium on molybdenum salts the precipitates are ground to form pigments used in paint and inks. 

There are also problems arising from the electrical interactions between different pigments and between pigments and the media in which they are dispersed, particularly when these are liquid paints and inks. This topic is discussed in the textbooks by Parfitt and Apps (amongst others), given in the bibliography at the end of this chapter. 

The above solution procedure has been applied to find replacement solvents for the following solvents Ethyl Glycol Acetate, Ethyl Glycol and Methylene Chloride. These three solvents are extensively used in the paints and ink industry, although, recent studies have shown that they carry an appreciable environmental burden in addition to being found harmful for the health of the people exposed to them (for example, employees in the manufacturing plants and/or consumers). 

This most widely used black pigment is also in the top 50 chemicals. About 4.0 billion lb of carbon black were made in 2001. Commercial value was 1.4 billion at 35C/lb, but 93% of this is used for reinforcement of elastomers. Only 7% is used in paints and inks. Carbon black is made by the partial oxidation of residual hydrocarbons from crude oil. See Chapter 6, Section 7.2. The hydrocarbons are usually the heavy by-product residues from petroleum cracking, ideally high in aromatic content and low in sulfur and ash, bp around 260°C. 

Raw and treated waste water from metal manufacturing, paint and ink formulation, and rubber processing industries has been found to contain some carbon tetrachloride (USEPA Verification Program). Manufacturing distillation bottoms are typically incinerated. 

Herodotus (484-425 B.C.) mentioned the occurrence of many lumps of bitumen in the River Is, a small tributary of the Euphrates (10). The Babylonians heated this bitumen and used it instead of mortar for cementing together the bricks of their walls and buildings (11). Herodotus also spoke of a well near Susa (the Shushan of the Bible) which yielded bitumen, salt, and oil (11). Cornelius Tacitus, a friend of Pliny the Younger, described the bitumen of the Dead Sea (12). R. J. Forbes states in his book Bitumen and Petroleum in Antiquity that the ancients used tar and pitch for waterproofing pottery, for caulking ships, and for making torches, paint for roofs and walls, and lampblack for paints and ink (13). 

The major source of carbon tetrachloride in air is industrial emissions. Carbon tetrachloride has been detected in surface water, groundwater and drinking-water as a result of industrial and agricultural activities. Carbon tetrachloride has also been found in wastewater from iron and steel manufacturing, foundries, metal finishing, paint and ink formulations, petroleum refining and nonferrous metal manufacturing industries (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997). 

Recommended Dilutions 10-20 1 Notes Effective on most paints and inks Formula S-104... 

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