Exposure assessment strategies

FIGURE 7-1. Hazard Characterization Exposure Assessment Strategy... 

Table 8.1 Component groups for gasoline based on C- number and main chemical composition. Reprinted with permission from Foster KL, Mackay D, Parkerton TF, Webster E, Milford L (2005) Five-stage environmental exposure assessment strategy for mixture gasoline as a case study. Environ Sci Technol 39 2711-2718. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society...

Damiano J. 1995. Quantitative exposure assessment strategies and data in the Aluminum Company of America. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 10 289-298. 

OECD (1999) Environmental exposure assessment strategies for existing industrial chemicals in OECD Member Countries. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Series on Testing and Assessment No. 17). 

Chief among the knowledge gaps that currently impede progress is a lack of information about cumulative exposure scenarios. Comparatively few studies have measured multiple chemicals in one and the same sample, and consequently, information about how many pollutants co-occur, and at what levels, is patchy. Viable concepts for cumulative exposure assessment strategies need to be developed, and the experiences that have occurred in the areas of bioassay-directed fractionations and with the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) concepts no doubt provide valuable stimuli. 

EXPOSURES RELEVANT TO HEALTH THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 246 Considerations of Exposure Timing 246 Considerations of Exposure Route 247 Practical Context of Pesticide Exposure 248 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY DESIGNS AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 248 Prospective Cohort Studies 248 Retrospective Cohort Studies 249 Case-Control Studies 250 Cross-Sectional Studies 252 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES 252 INFLUENCE OF THE ACCURACY OF EXPOSURE PROXIES ON MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION 254 Errors in Qualitative Proxies 254... 

The combination of the health-relevant time-window and the toxicokinetic properties of the agent of interest determine the optimal exposure assessment strategy. Dioxin, a contaminant of chlorophenoxy herbicides and fungicides, has a relatively long biological half-life, estimated at about seven years and is measurable in serum. Serum measurements of dioxin are therefore relatively stable, and simple first-order kinetics have been used to back-estimate serum dioxin levels on the basis of an occupational history. Such exposure data have been used quite successfully in epidemiological analyses of cohorts of pesticide producers (Hooiveld et al, 1998). 

Despite the fact that few epidemiological studies with quantitative exposure assessment data are available for pesticide exposure, more insight is now present on how the optimal exposure assessment strategy might look. In particular, the use of determinants of exposure studies, as reviewed recently, and their application in health-based exposure estimation, seems a promising approach that can solve many of the problems associated with pesticide exposure assessment in agriculture. This approach will be of use in both occupational and domestic epidemiological studies on this topic. 

Heederik, D. and M. Attfield (2000). Characterization of dust exposure for the study of chronic occupational lung disease - a comparison of different exposure assessment strategies, Am. J. Epidem., 151, 982-990. 

Rappaport SM, Lyles RH, Kupper LL (2002) An exposure assessment strategy aecounting for within- and betwetm wotEcts sources of variability. Ann Oceup Hyg 39 469-495... 

Exposure Assessment Strategies for Existing Industrial Chemicals in OECD Member Countries, pp. 11-14. Available at http //search.oecd.org/officialdoc-uments/displaydocumentpdf/ doclanguage=en cote=env/jm/mono(99)10 (accessed January 4, 2014). 

N. C. Hawkins, S. K. Norwood, and J. C. R.oAi, A Strategy for Occupational Exposure Assessment, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, Va., 1991. 

High hazard material - selection of lower hazard material recommended if I substitution is not feasible perform health risk assessment and adopt exposure control strategy to reduce health risks... 

Hazard material perform health risk assessment and adopt exposure control strategy to reduce health risks... 

In an attempt to provide an overview and assessment of the POPs in South Korea, we have conducted a comprehensive literature search and compiled the existing POPs data (including the emerging POPs) from surveys conducted since the mid-1990s in South Korea. This chapter presents (1) emission inventories of individual POPs (2) concentrations in various environmental including humans (3) exposure assessment in the ecosystem and humans (4) a case study of fate and multi-media transport of POPs and finally, (5) a proposal for a strategy to minimize releases and ultimately eliminate POPs in South Korea. 

---