Water foods and

Klienfeld and Tabershaw 1954 Prout et al. 1985 Stephens 1945 Stevens et al. 1992 Templin et al. 1993 Withey et al. 1983), or dermal (Bogen et al. 1992 Jakobson et al. 1982 McCormick and Abdul-Rahman 1991 Sato and Nakajima 1978 Steward and Dodd 1964 Tsuruta 1978) exposure. All these routes of exposure may be of concern to humans because of the potential for trichloroethylene to contaminate the air, drinking water, food, and soil. More information on the absorption of trichloroethylene following ingestion of contaminated soil and plants grown in contaminated soil near hazardous waste sites are needed to determine bioavailability of the compound in these media. 

Liquid samples, in particular aqueous in nature, are the most frequently encountered (waste water, food and beverages, biological fluids, soil and agricultural samples). SPE is a well-established technique, which is... 

Pesticide poisoning incidents from 1959-68 in Uzbekistan were analyzed. The acute poisoning analysis permitted us to divide sufferers into three groups the first indudes workers who have direct contact with pestiddes the second includes collective farm workers who worked in the fields shortly after the crops were treated and the third includes people who suffered the effects of pestiddes introduced into their bodies through water, food, and inhalation. 

Nickel is found in air, soil, water, food, and household objects ingestion or inhalation of nickel is common, as is dermal exposure. Recent estimates suggest that as much as 28,100 tons of nickel are introduced into the atmosphere each year from natural sources and as much as 99,800 tons from human activities. In the atmosphere, nickel is mostly suspended onto particulate matter. In natural waters, the dominant chemical species is Ni2+ in the form of (Ni(H20)6)2+. In alkaline soils, the major components of the soil solution are Ni2+ and Ni(OH)+ in acidic soils, the main solution species are Ni2+, NiS04, and NiHP04. 

Neff, J.M. 1982a. Accumulation and release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water, food, and sediment by marine animals. Pages 282-320 in N.L. Richards and B.L. Jackson (eds.). Symposium Carcinogenic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-82-013. 

Wissiack et al. 2000), estrogens and metabolites (Rodriguez-Mozaz et al. 2004), and perfluorinated organic acids and amides (Kuklenyik et al. 2005) in surface water, foods, and human sera. 

The federal government has set standards and guidelines to protect people from the potential health effects of 1,2-dibromoethane in drinking water, food, and air. EPA recommends that no more than 0.008 ppm of 1,2-dibromoethane should be present in drinking water that is consumed for up to 10 days. EPA does not allow any 1,2-dibromoethane to be in food. Companies must report to EPA if they spill 1,000 pounds or more of 1,2-dibromoethane. 

Wallace LA, Pellizzari E, Hartwell T, et al. 1984. Personal exposure to volatile organic compounds. I. Direct measurements in breathing-zone air, drinking water, food, and exhaled breath. Environ Res 35 293-319. 

The principal exposure routes to cyclic siloxanes are dermal exposure, inhalation, or ingestion. This latter pathway of exposure is less important than the first two, because, as presented above, the concentrations of siloxanes in water, food, and dust are typically much lower than those in PCPs. 

Perfluorinated Compounds in Drinking Water, Food and Human Samples... 

Letkiewicz F, Johnston P, Macaluso C, et al. 1983. Carbon tetrachloride occurrence in drinking water, food and air. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water. 

FDA. 1993. Quality standard for foods with no identity standards bottled water. Food and Drug Administration. Federal Register 58 41612-41619. 

The uranium series contains two radionuclides of special interest, 226Ra (ti/2 = 1600 y) and its daughter, 38 d 222Rn. 226Ra (and its daughters) are responsible for a major fraction of the radiation dose received from internal radioactivity. Radium is present in rocks and soils, and as a consequence in water, food, and human tissue. The high specific activity and gaseous decay products of radium also make it difficult to handle in the laboratory. 

The significance of radioactivity in water, food, and air has been under particular scrutiny since the advent of nuclear bomb tests and their accompanying radioactive fallout. This scrutiny has resulted in much documented data gathered over the past few decades on the health characteristics of man under various environmental conditions, such as the Denver populace who are subjected to more intense cosmic ray irradiations than the New York City populace the radium dial workers of the 1920,s who have provided data on life spans, general health, and causes of death population s drinking water with varying radium contents persons living... 

The hydrophobic nature of CDDs, combined with their great affinity for organic carbon, suggests that a major proportion of CDDs in the aquatic environment is sorbed to organic matter and sediment. Because only a minute fraction of CDDs are dissolved in the natural environment, bioconcentration is not the primary route of exposure for most aquatic organisms. Whereas the term bioconcentration is defined as the uptake of a chemical from water only, the term bioaccumulation refers to the combined uptake of a chemical from both dietary sources (e.g., food) and water. A bioaccumulation factor (BAF) that includes the ingestion route of uptake can be calculated based on fish uptake from water, food, and sediment (Sherman et al. 1992). 

There are several industries that employ many chemists, which are not normally classified as part of the Chemical Industry, e.g. Energy, Water, Food and Agriculture, and this book should be of value to the R D Managers operating in these areas. Additionally the book will be relevant to those working within the research institutes, public health and trade association laboratories, where the working environment is essentially the same as within industrial R D. 

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