Nontarget organisms

The potential of flow of plant-made biopharmaceuticals into the human food chain remains. For example, plant-derived pharmaceuticals could cross-contaminate foodstuffs by spontaneous growth of transgenic crops in areas outside the intended field, or by pollen flow between some plants such as corn. It has been suggested that plant-derived biopharmaceuticals should be generated in nonfood crops, such as tobacco. However, food crops produce the greatest opportuitities for efficient production since they are among the most well-studied of crops. This continues to make them more feasible for edible vaccine production. 

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An effective therapeutic agent must also have the abiUty to reach its target sequence m vivo. BioavailabiUty requires that the antisense oligonucleotide be able to pass through the cell membrane, and that it have a low affinity for nontarget cellular compartments and, in animal systems, nontarget organs. 

Bio accumulation studies in aquatic nontarget organisms (field)... 

At present no a.i. is known to have an unacceptable impact on nontarget organisms assessed in the authorization procedure in the concentration range below 0.05 mgkg ... 

In the case of surface water, the LOQ must not exceed a concentration which has an impact on nontarget organisms deemed to be unacceptable according to the requirements of Annex VI. At present, no harmonized limits for surface water exist. Therefore, provisions in Annex VI of Directive 91/414/EEC will be used to calculate guidance limits for analytical methods for surface water. In SANCO/825/00 the limits given in Table 6 are established [the relevant concentrations (the lowest will always be taken into consideration) depend on the species as indicated and can be taken from toxicity tests]. 

The method must be capable of determining all components (a.i. and relevant/major metabolites) that are included in the residue definitions used in the assessment of risk to nontarget organisms. For ground (drinking) water and air, the risk to con-sumers/operators or bystanders must also be considered. 

Data should show pesticide occurrence and dissipation in important matrices during the study period (Figure 1). This has been extensively covered in other articles and will not be elaborated here. Exposure routes should be characterized well enough to quantify the dosages that are experienced by nontarget organisms. This is often... 

Develop suitable replacements for chlorpyrifos in mosquito control programs. These replacement compounds should exhibit a relatively long half-life in aquatic environments while avoiding the broad-spectrum toxicity typical of chlorpyrifos to large numbers of nontarget organisms. 

Washino, R.K., W. Ahmed, J.D. Linn, and K.G. Whitesell. 1972. Rice held mosquito control studies with low volume Dursban sprays in Colusa County, Cahfomia. IV. Effects upon aquatic nontarget organisms. Mosquito News 32 531-537. 

Crustaceans are the most sensitive group of nontarget organisms tested. Adverse effects on growth, survival, reproduction, and behavior of copepods, shrimp, daphnids, amphipods, and crabs occur between 0.062 and 2.0 pg/L medium, and early developmental stages were the most vulnerable. 

Apperson, C.S., C.H. Schaefer, A.E. Colwell, G.H. Werner, N.L. Anderson, E.F. Dupras, Jr., and D.R. Longanecker. 1978. Effects of diflubenzuron on Chaoborus astictopus and nontarget organisms and persistence of diflubenzuron in lentic habitats. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 71 521-527. 

Miura, T. and R.M. Takahashi. 1975. Effects of the IGR, TH6040, on nontarget organisms when used as a mosquito control agent. Mosquito News 35 154-159. 

Mulla, M.S., G. Majori, and H.A. Darwazeh. 1975. Effects of the insect growth regulator Dimilin or TH 6040 on mosquitos and some nontarget organisms. Mosquito News 35 211-216. 

Muzzarelli, R. 1986. Chitin synthesis inhibitors effects on insects and on nontarget organisms. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 16 141-146. 

Bennett, R.S., E.E. Klaas, J.R. Coats, and E.J. Kolbe. 1986. Fenvalerate concentrations in the vegetation, insects, and small mammals of an old-field ecosystem. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 36 785-792. Bennett, R.S., Jr. E.E. Klaas, J.R. Coats, M.A. Mayse, and E.J. Kolbe. 1983. Fenvalerate residues in nontarget organisms from treated cotton fields. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31 61-65. 

Mulla, M.S., H. A. Darwazeh, and M.S. Dhillon. 1980. New pyrethroids as mosquito larvicides and their effects on nontarget organisms. Mosquito News 40 6-12. 

Smith, T.M. and G.W. Stratton. 1986. Effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on nontarget organisms. Residue Rev. 97 93-120. 

Modified from Wheeler, W.B., D.P. Jouvenay, D.P. Wojcik, W.A. Banks, C.H. Van Middelem, C.S. Lofgren, S. Nesbitt, L. Williams, and R. Brown. 1977. Mirex residues in nontarget organisms after application of 10-5 bait for fire ant control, Northeast Florida—1972-74. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 11 146-156. 

A significant reduction in populations of nontarget organisms and fatalities to endangered species (USEPA 1985)... 

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