Polymer colloid

R. O. James, in Polymer Colloids, R. Buscall, T. Comer, and J. F. Stageman, eds., Elsevier Applied Science, New York, 1985. 

At equilibrium, in order to achieve equality of chemical potentials, not only tire colloid but also tire polymer concentrations in tire different phases are different. We focus here on a theory tliat allows for tliis polymer partitioning [99]. Predictions for two polymer/colloid size ratios are shown in figure C2.6.10. A liquid phase is predicted to occur only when tire range of attractions is not too small compared to tire particle size, 5/a > 0.3. Under tliese conditions a phase behaviour is obtained tliat is similar to tliat of simple liquids, such as argon. Because of tire polymer partitioning, however, tliere is a tliree-phase triangle (ratlier tlian a triple point). For smaller polymer (narrower attractions), tire gas-liquid transition becomes metastable witli respect to tire fluid-crystal transition. These predictions were confinned experimentally [100]. The phase boundaries were predicted semi-quantitatively. 

Hidalgo-Alvarez R, Martin A, Fernandez A, Bastes D, Martinez F and de las Nieves F J 1996 Electro kinetic properties, colloidal stability and aggregation kinetics of polymer colloids Adv. Colloid Interface Sc/. 67 1-118... 

Vincent B, Edwards J, Emmett S and Greet R 1988 Phase separation in dispersions of weakly-interacting particles in solutions of non-adsorbing polymers Colloid Surf. 31 267-98... 

M. S. El-Aasser, in F. Candau and R. H. OttewiU, eds.. Scientific Methodsfior the Study ofi Polymer Colloids and Their Applications Kluwer Academic Pubhshers, the Netherlands, 1990, pp. 12—15. 

R. H. OttewiU and co-workers, ia M. S. El-Aasser and R. M. Fitch, eds., Puture Directions in Polymer Colloids Martiaus Nijhoff PubHshers, Dordrecht, Germany, 1987, pp. 243—251. 

The viscosity of a fluid arises from the internal friction of the fluid, and it manifests itself externally as the resistance of the fluid to flow. With respect to viscosity there are two broad classes of fluids Newtonian and non-Newtonian. Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity regardless of strain rate. Low-molecular-weight pure liquids are examples of Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids do not have a constant viscosity and will either thicken or thin when strain is applied. Polymers, colloidal suspensions, and emulsions are examples of non-Newtonian fluids [1]. To date, researchers have treated ionic liquids as Newtonian fluids, and no data indicating that there are non-Newtonian ionic liquids have so far been published. However, no research effort has yet been specifically directed towards investigation of potential non-Newtonian behavior in these systems. 

Several cleaning methods are used to remove the densified gel layer of retained material from the membrane surface. Alkaline solutions followed by hot detergent solutions are indicated for organic polymer colloids and gelatinous materials fouling. Ferrous deposits, t3 pical in water treatments, are usually removed with a citric or hydrochloric wash. [35]. 

The surface force apparatus (SFA) is a device that detects the variations of normal and tangential forces resulting from the molecule interactions, as a function of normal distance between two curved surfaces in relative motion. SFA has been successfully used over the past years for investigating various surface phenomena, such as adhesion, rheology of confined liquid and polymers, colloid stability, and boundary friction. The first SFA was invented in 1969 by Tabor and Winterton [23] and was further developed in 1972 by Israela-chivili and Tabor [24]. The device was employed for direct measurement of the van der Waals forces in the air or vacuum between molecularly smooth mica surfaces in the distance range of 1.5-130 nm. The results confirmed the prediction of the Lifshitz theory on van der Waals interactions down to the separations as small as 1.5 nm. 

Ahmed, S. M. et al. In Polymer Colloids II Fitch, R.M.,Ed. Plenum Press New York, 1980 p 265. Prindle, J. C Ray, W. H., "Emulsion Polymerization Model Development for Operation Below the CMC" 1987 AIChE Annual Meeting. New York... 

Macromolecules have also been specifically designed and synthesized for use as emulsifiers for lipophilic materials and as stabilizers in the colloidal dispersion of lipophilic, hydrocarbon polymers in C02. We have demonstrated the amphiphilicity of fluorinated acrylate homopolymers, such as PFOA, which contain a lipophilic, acrylate like backbone and C02-philic, fluorinated side chains (see Fig. 3) [103]. It has been demonstrated that a homopolymer which physically adsorbs to the surface of a polymer colloid prevents agglomeration by the presence of loops and tails (see Fig. 4) [113]. The synthesis of this type of... 

Fig. 4. Schematic of polymer colloidal particles stabilized by PFOA homopolymer [103]...

Van den Hull HJ, Vanderhoff JW (1970) In Flitch RM (ed) Polymer colloids proceedings of an American Chemical Society symposium on polymer colloids held in Chicago, IL, 13-18 September. Plenum, New York, p 3 and references therein... 

Candau F, Ottewill RH (1990) An intro duction to polymer colloids Kluwer Academic Publ, Dordrecht... 

Colloidal particles, foams used to collect and separate, 12 22 Colloidal powders, 23 55-56 Colloidal silica, 22 380, 382, 384 applications of, 22 394 modification of, 22 393-394 preparation of, 22 392-393 properties of, 22 391-392 purification of, 22 393 Colloidal silica gels, 23 60 Colloidal solids, 7 293-294 Colloidal stability, 7 286-291 10 116 22 55 Colloidal stabilizers, in polychloroprene latex compounding, 19 857 Colloid mills, 8 702 10 127 Colloids, 7 271-303 23 54. See also Polymer colloids analysis, 7 296 applications, 7 292-296 conducting, 7 524... 

Defoamers, 3 236-254 9 23 applications, 3 245-249 commercial sources, 3 240, 241t components, 3 237-240 defoaming theory, 3 241-245 economic aspects, 3 249-250 health and safety factors, 3 251-252 in paper manufacture, 13 118 in polymer colloids, 20 386 silica in, 22 376 surface tension, 8 244t test methods, 3 250-251 Defoaming, 3 240-242 Defoaming (antifoaming) agents, 25 in diesel fuel, 12 428 in food, 12 63-64... 

Electrokinetic measurements, for polymer colloids, 20 383-384 Electrokinetics, 9 740-741 colloids, 7 284-286 in soil and ground water treatment, 25 843-844... 

Functionalization, silicone network preparation via, 22 568 Functionalized initiators, 14 255 Functional methacrylates, 16 240-242 Functional monomers methacrylate, 16 241-242 polymer colloid, 20 379-380 Functional perfume products, 18 354 Functional polyethylene waxes, 26 220 Functional properties, of wax, 26 215 Functional unit, in life cycle assessment, 14 809... 

Heterogeneous particle morphology, in polymer colloids, 20 387 Heterogeneous photocatalysis, 19 73, 103 principles of, 29 74-75 Heterogeneous polymer blends, 20 343. 

Friedel-Crafts chemistry in, 12 160 pH control in, 14 33 polymer colloid, 20 376 use of steam in, 23 238-240 Industrial products, microencapsulated,... 

Morpholine chromate, molecular formula, properties, and uses, 6 562t Morphology. See also Structure of carbon fibers, 26 737-739 of high density polyethylene, 20 162 of polymer blends, 20 356 of polymer colloid, 20 386-388 of PVC particles, 25 658-661, 661-663, 664-665... 

Nonintentional food additives, 12 29 Noninteracting solvents, 23 99 Nonionic emulsifiers, in VDC emulsion polymerization, 25 722-723 Nonionic functional groups, in polymer colloids, 20 384... 

Semibatch operation safety, 21 843 Semibatch polymer colloid process, 20 376 Semibatch polymerization of vinyl acetate, 25 608 Semibatch reactors, 21 332 Semibright nickel, 9 820 Semibulk containers, 18 5-6 Semibullvalene... 

Shear modulus, 13 498, 26 777 of dry foams, 12 16 of silicon carbide, 22 526t of vitreous silica, 22 430 of wet foams, 12 17-18 Shear plane, polymer colloid, 20 383, 384 Shear pulverization, of polymer blends, 20 326... 

Surface layer dissociation behavior, in polymer colloids, 20 381-383 Surface layer impregnation, hydrothermal technology for, 14 105, 106t, 107t Surface layers, IR spectra of, 24 110 Surface micromachining in MEMS, 22 260 of MEMS devices, 26 964 Surface modification adsorbents, 1 585... 

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