Retarding agent

Polycarbonates. Polycarbonates (qv) are pardy crystalline thermoplastics with some disorder in the crystalline part and considerable order in the amorphous part. This disorder conveys high impact strength which, combined with its good transparency and outdoor exposure resistance, makes polycarbonates usefiil for vandal-resistant glazing and outdoor lighting. It is easily processed by extmsion and injection mol ding. Various uv and dame-retardant agents are often added. 

The compatibihty value is mainly related to the affinity of the dye for the particular fiber because for basic dyes on modified acryhc fibers there is htde possibihty for migration and therefore this does not play a significant part in determining compatibihty. The rate of dyeing of a specific mixture of dyes of the same compatibihty value is not determined by the value itself. The adsorption of cationic dyes is induenced by the presence of others in the dyebath the presence of cationic retarding agents and electrolytes also induences the rate of exhaustion. It is therefore possible to have a combination of dyes with a compatibihty value 5 that under specific dyebath conditions exhausts more rapidly than a combination based on dyes of compatibihty value 3. 

About 80-90% of the elemental P produced is reoxidized to (pure) phosphoric acid (p. 521). The rest is used to make phosphorus oxides (p. 503). sulfides (p. 506), phosphorus chlorides and oxochloride (p. 4%). and organic P compounds. A small amount is convened to red phos rftorus (see below) for use in the striking surface of matches for pyrotechnics and as a flame retarding agent (in polyamides). Bulk price for P4 is S2.00/kg. 

Verzogerungs-bad, n. (Pkotog.) restraining bath. -mine,/, delayed-action mine, -mittel, n. retarding agent, retarder, delayer, -satz, m. (Expl.) delay composition, -ziinder, m. delayed-action fuse. 

I. Livsey and R. Shaunak. Cement setting retarding agents. Patent GB 2182031, 1987. 

Table 12.4 Structures of some typical retarding agents [34]...

The extent to which chain oxidation is inhibited depends on the activity and concentration of the antioxidant. A specific activity of an antioxidant as a retarding agent should be expressed per unit concentration of the inhibitor. If the antioxidant terminates chains, chain self-termination by the reaction of peroxyl radical disproportionation should be taken into account. As a result, one obtains the following expression for estimation of the activity F of the introduced amount of the antioxidant [18] ... 

Used industrially for the manufacture of organophosphorus compounds (Insecticides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, defoliants) as well as esters for plasticizers, gasoline additives, and hydraulic fluids used in industry as a chlorinating agent, catalyst, dopant for semiconductor grade silicon, fire retarding agent, and solvent in cryoscopy. 

Used industrially as a chemical intermediate for organophosphorus insecticides, as a catalyst in the production of acetic anhydride by the ketene process and used in industry as a plasticizer, fire-retarding agent, antifoaming agent, and desensitizing agent for peroxides. 

Wool-nylon upholstery fabrics and carpel yams require higher light-and wetfastness properties. Neutral prenietallized dyes are used in these cases. However, they have a much higher affinity to the nylon than the wool. Therefore, stronger retarding agents have to be employed, e.g, phenolsulfonie acid condensation products. 

The preparation of flame-retardunt epoxy resins is accompanied by inclusion of telrahroinohisphenol A in the advancement process See also Flame-Retarding Agents. Products containing ca 20 wt % Br are extensively employed in the printed circuit board industry. 

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