Rose, perfume products from

Monoterpenes, 10-carbon-containing terpenoids, are composed of two isoprene units, and found abundantly in plants, e.g. (+)-limonene from lemon oil, and (—)-linalool from rose oil. Many monoterpenes are the constituents of plant volatile oils or essential oils. These compounds are particularly important as flavouring agents in pharmaceutical, confectionery and perfume products. However, a number of monoterpenes show various types of bioactivity and are used in medicinal preparations. For example, camphor is used in liniments against rheumatic pain, menthol is used in ointments and liniments as a remedy against itching, bitter-orange peel is used as an aromatic bitter tonic and as a remedy for poor appetite and thymol and carvacrol are used in bactericidal preparations. 

Acyclic monoterpenes geraniol in essential oils, perfume products and luxury foods, production from other terpene products, e.g. beta-pinene acyclic, double unsaturated alcohol, several possible reactions, occurrence as esters, typicjd rose odor... 

Phenylethanol has a rose-like odour and makes the chemically produced compound the most used fragrance chemical in perfume and cosmetics, with a world market of about 7,000 t year [107, 108]. 2-Phenylethanol is also found in many foods as a characteristic flavour compound rounding off the overall aroma, especially in foods obtained by fermentation, such as wine, beer, cheese, tea leaves, cocoa, coffee, bread, cider and soy sauce [109]. In food applications, natural 2-phenylethanol is preferred rather than its nature-identical counterpart from chemical synthesis and it has a market volume of 0.5-11 year . This product is sold at market prices of up to US 1,000 per kiklogram and is mainly produced by yeast-based bioprocesses since its isolation from natural sources, e.g. rose oil, would be too costly [109]. 

Rose oil/absolute. Two different products obtained from rose flowers are used in the perfume and fragrance industries. 

Conifer wood, balm trees, citrus fruits, coriander, eucalyptus, lavender, lemon grass, lilies, carnation, caraway, peppermint species, roses, rosemary, sage, thyme, violet and many other plants or parts of those (roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves, blossoms, fruits, seed) are well known to smell pleasantly, to taste spicy, or to exhibit specific pharmacological activities. Terpenes predominantly shape these properties. In order to enrich terpenes, the plants are carved, e.g. for the production of incense or myrrh from balm trees usually, however, terpenes are extracted or steam distilled, e.g. for the recovery of the precious oil of the blossoms of specific fragrant roses. These extracts and steam distillates, known as ethereal or essential oils ("essence absolue") are used to create fine perfumes, to refine the flavor and the aroma of food and drinks and to produce medicines of plant origin (phytopharmaca). 

The oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohols represents key steps in the synthesis of aldehyde, ketone, ester, and acid intermediates employed within the fine chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical sectors, with allylic aldehydes in particular high-value components used in the perfume and fiavoring industries [1]. For example, crotonaldehyde is an important agrochemical and a valuable precursor for the food preservative sorbic acid, while citronellyl acetate and cinnamaldehyde confer rose/fruity and cinnamon flavors and aromas, respectively. There is also considerable interest in the exploitation of biomass-derived feedstocks such as glycerol (a by-product of biodiesel synthesis from plant or... 

The perfume industry makes considerable use of naturally occurring substances such as those obtained from rose and jasmine extracts. In many cases, the quantities of fragrant oils available by natural product isolation are so small that it is necessary to synthesize them. Examples are the olfactory components of violets, which include fro s-2-cis-6-nonadien-l-ol and the corresponding aldehyde. An intermediate in their large-scale synthesis is cis-3-hexen- l-ol, whose industrial preparation is described as a closely guarded secret. Using the methods in this and the preceding sections, propose a synthesis from 1-butyne. 

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