Medicinal preparation

Medicinal Preparations. Silver nitrate is used in medicine in the form of a stick, usually containing 1—3% silver chloride, or in solutions of varying concentrations. Uses of silver in medicine as of the 1990s are much reduced from earlier in the twentieth century because of the availabiHty of a... 

Eu(III) complexes of quinolinecarboxylic acids, including 5, were studied (00MI31). Those of complexes of 5 with Eu(III) and Tb(III) ion were studied, and they were applied for analysis of 5 in medicinal preparations (00UKZ115). Stability of lanthanide complexes with 5 was studied (00MI67). The fluorescence spectra of 5 complexed with Co(II) and ATP was measured (01SA(A)1317). 

DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVE CONSTITOENTS IN A MEDICINAL PREPARATION OY DERIVATIVE SPECTROSCOPY 17.51... 

Actifed is a medicinal preparation in which the effective components are the two drugs pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and triprolidine hydrochloride. The absorption spectrum of Actifed tablets dissolved in 0.1M hydrochloric acid is similar to that shown in Fig. 17.14(a) which is clearly of no value for quantitative determinations. A second derivative spectrum however is similar in character to that shown in Fig. 17.14(6) in which peak C corresponds to the pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and D to the triprolidine hydrochloride and from which it is possible to make quantitative measurements. Experience showed that it is advisable to use different response times for the two peaks with the instrument used a response setting of 3 was found to give the best results for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, whilst a setting of 4 was best for the triprolidine hydrochloride. 

Spectrophotometric determinations 653, 710 analysis of a medicinal preparation, 717 D. of absorption curve, 708... 

Determination of the active constituents in a medicinal preparation by derivative spectroscopy 717... 

Sodium lauryl sulfate is often used in medicinal preparations. As mentioned above, it is used as an emulsifer for creams and lotions in cosmetic preparations, but due to its low toxicity and biological compatibility it is also used in the preparation of creams, gels, and emulsions in which the medications are dispersed. Its ability to lower the interfacial tension affects the potentiation and availability of medications. 

Ephedrine and pseudoephediine are a vasodilator and decongestant respectively used widely in the treatment of asthma and the symptoms of colds and influenza. These pharmaceuticals were derived originally fi om the plant Ephedra sinica and used in traditional Chinese medicinal preparations. Although some are still produced fi om such sources, the major production is via a fermentation process followed by a chemical catalytic reaction. As shown in Figure 1, the intermediate / -phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC) is produced by decarboxylation of pyruvate followed by ligation to benzaldehyde. 

The intended application of an antimicrobial agent, whether for preservation, antisepsis or disinfection, will influence its selection and also affect its performance. For example, in medicinal preparations the ingredients in the formulation may antagonize preservative activity. The risk to the patient will depend on whether the antimicrobial is in close contact with a break in the skin or mucous membranes or is introduced into a sterile area of the body. 

Railings L.O., Ringertz O., Silverstolpe L. Emerfeldt F. (1966) Microbiological contamination of medicinal preparations. 1965 Report to the Swedish National Board of Health. Acta Pharm Suecica, 3,219-228. 

Just like all herbal medicinal preparations, C. sativa should be standardized if extracts or whole plant material are to be used for medicinal purposes. Basic requirements are that all detectable constituents should be known, but also a sustainable quahty control system must be established to achieve the same quahty over all batches. For industrial use of cannabis, standardization could also be necessary to equahze the quality of the product. However, it must be stated that cultivation for this purposes is mostly performed outdoors. Outdoor growth makes standardization of the product difficult due to the environmental changes. For this reason the Dutch medicinal C. sativa is grown under strictly controllable conditions, and therefore indoors, by the company Bedrocan. At this company clones are used for breeding to maintain high standards for quantity and quality. After a strictly selective breeding procedure a plant fine has been estabhshed fulfilhng all criteria as a herb for medicinal use. 

A serious problem in the early Western medicinal use of C. sativa, mainly as a tincture, was its highly variable activity and inconsistent results. Medicinal preparations have to handle several particularities due to the structure of the active ingredients of C. sativa. The identity of the main active constituent of C. sativa, A9-tetrahydrocannabinol (INN dronabinol) remained unknown until 1964 [128] standardized C. sativa preparations were not available. The plant itself is found in several different chemotypes, which added to the unpredictable nature of early medicinal preparations. 

We studed a toxicity of some medicinal preparations on culture of the primerely trepsinised chicken fibroblasts (TCF) and biotesting with use of Colpoda steinii infusorians Results of researches are submitted in the table 1. 

Table 1. Results of a toxicity definition of some medicinal preparations on Colpoda steinii and TCF.

One ingredient in pharmaceutical cough medicine preparations is a flavor oil. Pharmaceutical companies that produce such preparations purchase the flavor oil in bulk quantities and then perform a laboratory analysis on a sample of it to determine its quality. The method of choice for this is refractive index. The flavor oil raw material must be within the refractive index specification limits established for it before it can be used in the cough medicine production process. 

John Hannon, an analyst for a pharmaceutical company, uses a refractometer for the determination of the quality of flavor oil used in cough medicine preparations. 

Phenol is both a man-made chemical and produced naturally. It is found in nature in some foods and in human and animal wastes and decomposing organic material. The largest single use of phenol is as an intermediate in the production of phenolic resins. However, it is also used in the production of caprolactam (which is used in the manufacture of nylon 6 and other synthetic fibers) and bisphenol A (which is used in the manufacture of epoxy and other resins). Phenol is also used as a slimicide (a chemical toxic to bacteria and fungi characteristic of aqueous slimes), as a disinfectant, and in medicinal preparations such as over-the-counter treatments for sore throats. Phenol ranks in the top 50 in production volumes for chemicals produced in the United States. Chapters 3 and 4 contain more information. 

FIGURE 1.1 Ginsenosides isolated from fresh and/or processed ginseng material (roots, leaves, fruits, flower buds), including medicinal preparations based on plant material from ginseng species. Ara(p) = a-L-arabinopyranosyl Ara(f) = a-L-arabinofuranosyl Glc = p-D-glucopyranosyl Rha = a-L-rhamnopyranosyl Xyl = / -D-xylopyranosyl Ac = acetyl. 

The Renaissance period laid the foundation for scientific thoughts in medicinal preparations and medical treatments. There were many advances made in... 

Over the centuries, people developed by such methods a list of medicinal and recreational drugs that made up the earliest informal pharmacopoeia, a catalog of drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations. Chemicals that "worked (that brought relief, cured, or altered a mental state) made that list. Those that did not (killed people or caused serious harm) usually did not. 

Parkinson s disease A degenerative disease of the nervous system characterized hy tremor and impaired muscular coordination, patient-directed designer drug A dmg developed to meet the medical needs of very specific fypes of individuals, pharmacopoeia A catalog of drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations. 

Chronic ingestion of trivalent arsenic in medicinal preparations was also associated with an increased incidence of hyperkeratosis and... 

Citric acid, which prior to 1922 was made entirely from citrus fruits and mainly in Italy, is now produced almost exclusively by the fermentation of sucrose by means of a mold, Aspergillus niger. At first pure sucrose was used for this process but more recently molasses has been used instead. Practically the whole of the world production of citric acid is used as such in medicinal preparations, in making soft drinks and in certain foods. The textile industries use small amounts, and it is also... 

There seems no doubt that Paracelsus discovered many facts which became of great importance in chemistry he prepared the inflammable gas we now call hydrogen, by the reaction between iron filings and oil of vitriol he distinguished metals from substances which had been classed with metals but lacked the essential metalline character of ductility he made medicinal preparations of mercury, lead and iron, and introduced many new and powerful drugs, notably laudanum. Paracelsus insisted that medicine is a branch of chemistry, and that the restoration of the body of a patient to a condition of chemical equilibrium is the restoration to health. 

Badria, F. A. Is man helpless against cancer An environmental approach antimutagenic agents from Egyptian food, and medicinal preparations. Cancer Lett 1994 84(1) 1—5. 

A countrywide study based on the national medicinal preparations register in Denmark showed that in 1997, 0.3% of the group aged 0-19 years was under treatment with either antipsychotics, psychostimulants, or antidepressants (Sorensen, 1998). The largest use was found among those aged 16-18 years, for whom selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRl) preparations comprised 90% of the antidepressants. 

Paracelsus attacked the established medical community of his time. His criticism was harsh, and he alienated many of his established fellow physicians with his bombastic writings. Yet, many of his practices were sound, and more importantly, those physicians who did ascribe to his practices achieved better results than when using traditional methods. Paracelsus works were not published and distributed widely until some twenty years after his death. By the end of the sixteenth century, Paracelsus methods had attracted a number of followers, and his methods formed the new basis of standard medical practice. Paracelsus followers became known as the iatrochem-ical physicians. They used a variety of drugs and treatments that depended on specific dosages of medicine prepared with specific purity. His ideas on chemical purity and for-... 

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