Pectin lipid effects

Compounds with different structures but with the same therapeutic activity isolated from different plant species act as active moieties for the treatment of particular diseases. Some of these compounds have been abandoned due to toxicity but these compounds apparently do not cause serious adverse effects. Some of these active principles originate from edible plants and their inclusion in the diet would undoubtedly be of some value because of their hypocholesterolemic potential. Several phytoconstituents including inulin, pectin, gugglu lipids, flavonoids, ginkoloids, saponins, tannins, and others obtained from various plant sources have proven hypolipidemic potentials as has been further explained in Tables I and II. The chemical structures of a few potential phytoconstituents with hypolipidemic activity are shown in Figure 2. It is hoped that as new additions are made to the list of these active compounds causing only minimum untoward side effects, these naturally... 

The possible chelating effect of pectin on the bioavailability of nutrients, other than carbohydrates and lipids, is a concern. Despite extensive investigations in both animals and humans, there are no final conclusions because of the conflicting results. 

Kay, R.M. and Truswell, A.S. 1977. Effect of citrus pectin on blood lipids and fecal steroid excretion in man, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 30 171-175. 

Miettinen, T.A. and Tarpila, S. 1977. Effect of pectin on serum cholesterol, fecal bile acids and biliary lipids in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic individuals, Clin. Chim. Acta., 79 471—417. 

Other dietary interventions or diet supplements may be useful in certain patients with lipid disorders. Increased intake of soluble fiber in the form of oat bran, pectins, certain gums, and psyllium products can result in useful adj unctive reductions in total and LDL cholesterol, but these dietary alterations or supplements should not be substimted for more active forms of treatment. Total daily fiber intake should be about 20 to 30 g/day, with about 25%, or 6 g/day, being soluble fiber. Studies with psyllium seed in doses of 10 to 15 g/day show reductions in total and LDL cholesterol ranging from about 5% to 20% They have little or no effect on HDL cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. These products also may be useful in managing constipation associated with the bile acid sequestrants. Psyllium binds cholesterol in the gut but also reduces hepatic production and clearance. Fish... 

Anderson, J.W. Chen, W.L. Plant fiber Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32 346, 1979. Ershoff, B.H. Wells, A.F. Effect of methoxyl content on anticholesterol activity of pectin substances In the rat. Exptl. Med. Surg. 20 272, 1962. 

It is often difficult to manage hyperlipidemia in FHC with standard dietary management. Specific fibers in appropriate amounts exert a pronounced hypolipidemic effect in man and animals. Pectin and Guar have been especially effective in lowering cholesterol in normal and hyperlipidemic patients.10-H However, not all fibers are effective in iowering lipids. No two sources of dietary fiber have the same effect on lipid metabolism. 2 Some dietary fibers, although effective as hypolipidemic agents, are not palatable or are difficult to incorporate into food because of increased viscosity or other chemical or taste properties. 

Effects of dietary fiber on plasma lipids have been most pronounced and most consistent in studies using purified, viscous types of fiber, such as pectin and guar gum. The decrease in total and LDL cholesterol when feeding these fibers is accompanied by an increased fecal bile-acid excretion. Increased bile-acid loss with increased de novo synthesis from cholesterol is usually considered the main mechanism by which dietary fiber may alter plasma cholesterol. However, decreased absorption of dietary cholesterol or altered cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism by other mechanisms may also be important (for review see for instance. ... 

Metabolic processes affected by dietary pectin have been recognized for more than 2 decades. Effects of dietary pectin on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism are important and beneficial to our health. 

Effect of Pectin and Type of Fat on the Removal of Accumulated Liver Lipids in Rats... 

Caustic soda, without sequestering agents, is used by some breweries to clean stainless steel equipment but this normally leads to problems with residues of calcium salts that cling tenaciously to the metal. It is therefore normal to formulate a detergent mixture capable of removing, readily and entirely, the various soils encrusted on the stainless steel internal surface. Hot caustic soda solution itself will dissolve protein, lipid, cellulose, hemi-cellulose, mucilage, gums, pectins and tannins. The effects of caustic soda and the various compounds that may be added to it in solution are indicated in Table 21.3. 

In general, there is some evidence to support a 5—8% reduction (approximately 0.5 mmol/L) in total cholesterol after the intake of three apples per day. Moreover, apple juice consumption is associated with no effects or increased levels of TAG. Clear apple juice lacks water-soluble pectin and has a low polyphenol content due to a clarification process. The production of cloudy apple juice does not include clarification and, thus, may maintain an important polyphenol and pectin content.Apple pomace, a by-product of juice production, consists of approximately 25% of fresh apple weight, and is a high source of fiber and polyphenols and therefore a valuable material for functional food products. Apart from the pol3q>henol and fiber content, food matrix may also play an important role whole apples contain intact cell wall components, which could contribute to the effects on lipid and glucose metabolism as will be described below. 

The potential lipid-lowering effect of a daily consumption of three apples which has been suggested by human studies, can not be independently attributed to polyphenols or pectin. According to Jensen et al. (2009), 6 g of pectin or 600—1500 mg of apple polyphenols are responsible for significant cholesterol reduction in humans. 

Levrat MA, Texier MDO, Regerat F, Demigne C, Remesy C. Comparison of the effects of condensed tannin and pectin on cecal fermentations and lipid-metabolism in the rat. Nutr Res. 1993 13(4) 427—433. 

Kosmala M, Kolodziejczyk K, Zdunczyk Z, Juskiewicz J, Boros D. Chemical composition of natural and polyphenol-free apple pomace and the effect of this dietary ingredient on intestinal fermentation and serum lipid parameters in rats. / Agric Food Chem. 2011 59(17) 9177—9185. Aprikian O, Duclos V, Guyot S, et al. Apple pectin and a polyphenol-rich apple concentrate are more effective together than separately on cecal fermentations and plasma lipids in rats. / Nutr. 2003 133(6) 1860—1865. 

Aprikian O, Duclos V, Guyot S, et al. Apple pectin and a polyphenol-rich apple concentrate are more effective together than separately on cecal fermentations and plasma lipids in rats. / Nutr. 2003 133(6) 1860-1865. 

Orekhov AN, Tertov VV (1997) In vitro effect of garlic powder extract on lipid content in normal and atherosclerotic human aortic cells. Lipids 32(10) 1055-1060 Ismail ME, Gad MZ, Hamdy MA (1999) Study of the hypolipidemic properties of pectin, garlic and ginseng in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Pharmacol Res 39(2) 157-166. doi 10.1006/phrs. 1998.0421... 

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