Triglyceride concentrations

A daily intake of 25 and 30 g of GA for 21 to 30 days reduced total cholesterol by 6 and 10.4%, respectively (Ross et al., 1983, Sharma 1985). The decrease was limited only to LDL and VLDL, with no effect on HDL and triglycerides. However, Topping et al. (1985) reported that plasma cholesterol concentrations were not affected by the supply of GA, but triglyceride concentration in plasma was significantly lower than in controls. 

Fatty infiltration of the liver. In this pathology, the triglyceride concentration in the liver is 10-fold superior to the norm. The accumulation of fat in the cyto-plasm of hepatic cells leads to an impaired liver function. The causes of this pathol-ogy are numerous one of these may be a deficiency in lipotropic factors and the associated therewith synthesis of excess triglycerides. 

Increased intake of soluble fiber in the form of oat bran, pectins, certain gums, and psyllium products can result in useful adjunctive reductions in total and LDL cholesterol (5% to 20%), but these dietary alterations or supplements should not be substituted for more active forms of treatment. They have little or no effect on HDL-C or triglyceride concentrations. These products may also be useful in managing constipation associated with the bile acid resins (BARs). 

Phytoestrogens decrease low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride concentrations, do not change high-density lipoprotein concentrations, and may improve bone density. 

Women with elevated triglyceride concentrations or significant liver function abnormalities may benefit from parenteral therapy Single approved dose is 8.7 mg of estradiol hemihydrate per day (two pouches)... 

The physiological functions of carboxylesterases are still partly obscure but these enzymes are probably essential, since their genetic codes have been preserved throughout evolution [84] [96], There is some evidence that microsomal carboxylesterases play an important role in lipid metabolism in the endoplasmic reticulum. Indeed, they are able to hydrolyze acylcamitines, pal-mitoyl-CoA, and mono- and diacylglycerols [74a] [77] [97]. It has been speculated that these hydrolytic activities may facilitate the transfer of fatty acids across the endoplasmic reticulum and/or prevent the accumulation of mem-branolytic natural detergents such as carnitine esters and lysophospholipids. Plasma esterases are possibly also involved in fat absorption. In the rat, an increase in dietary fats was associated with a pronounced increase in the activity of ESI. In the mouse, the infusion of lipids into the duodenum decreased ESI levels in both lymph and serum, whereas an increase in ES2 levels was observed. In the lymph, the levels of ES2 paralleled triglyceride concentrations [92] [98],... 

Importantly, the authors also examined whether colestimide ameliorated obesity and its associated effects once established. Body weight and BMI were not significantly reduced in mice fed colestimide, but insulin and glucose profiles, serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were all improved compared with high-fat-diet-fed controls. 

Rosiglitazone is approved for use as monotherapy and in conjunction with metformin, though it is sometimes combined with a sulfonylurea or insulin. It is usually taken once or twice a day with or without food. Rosiglitazone may cause a modest increase in low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride concentrations, but it is unclear whether this effect has any clinical significance or persists in the long term. 

LT044 Scribner, K. A., T. M. Gadbois, M. Gowri, S. Azhar, and G. M. Reaven. Masoprocol decreases serum triglyceride concentrations in rats with fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 2000 49(9) 1106-1110. 

Cholesterol level decrease. The husks and seeds were administered orally to six normal adult males and five adult males with ileostomy and six normal adult males and four adult males with ileostomy, respectively, at a dose of 10 g/day for 3 weeks. The husk had no effect on cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations in either normal or ileostomy subjects. Total and HDL cholesterol concentrations were reduced on average by 6.4 and 9.3%, respectively, in normal group after seed supplementation. No effect on fecal bile acid excretion in the normal subjects was found after both regimens. Ileostomy bile acids were increased (on average 25%) after seed supplementation, whereas no effect on cholesterol concentrations was found. These results suggest that psyllium seed may be more effective than the husk in... 

Serum amylase and triglyceride concentrations in patients with history of elevated amylase, pancreatitis, ethanol abuse, or receiving parenteral nutrition... 

However, studies in hypercholesterolemic subjects, using soy protein depleted of isoflavones have shown that soy protein independently of isoflavones can favorably affect LDL size, LDL particle distribution was shifted to a less atherogenic pattern,and can decrease triglyceride concentrations, triglyceride fatty acid fractional synthesis rate, and cholesterol... 

In 122 postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast cancer who were randomized to exemestane 25 mg/day (n = 62) or tamoxifen 20 mg/day (n = 60), neither exemestane nor tamoxifen had adverse effects at 8, 24 or 48 weeks on concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A1 or B, or lipoprotein a (15). Exemestane lowered triglyceride concentrations while tamoxifen increased them. 

In 24 patients with acromegaly, glucose homeostasis was assessed before and after 6 months of either 2-weekly lanreotide (n = 14) or monthly octreotide (n = 10) (21). Insulin resistance and triglyceride concentrations improved. Glucose homeostasis, measured by HbAic, deteriorated. This was probably due to impaired insulin secretion. There were no distinct differences between the analogues, but the numbers were small. 

Two individuals with serum triglyceride concentrations over 11.3 mmol/1 (1000 mg/dl) were referred to a pharma-cist-managed lipid clinic by their primary-care provider because of either treatment failure or intolerance of conventional therapies (14). Fish oils were used in one case in lieu of and in the other in addition to conventional treatments. Although fish oil has not been reported to cause hepatotoxicity, both of these patients had increased transaminases while taking fish oil. Whether fish oil truly causes hepatic injury remains to be elucidated. 

In healthy subjects who took either fish oil or olive oil (control) daily for 3 weeks before exposure to aspirin or no aspirin, fish oil had no significant effect on mucosal prostaglandin E2 or F2 content or on the damaging effect of aspirin on the stomach, despite the fact that fish oil reduced serum triglyceride concentrations significantly (19). 

The ion exchange resins tend to increase serum triglyceride concentrations, especially in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (1). 

Amiodarone can cause altered serum lipid concentrations (78). Serum cholesterol rises, as can blood glucose and serum triglyceride concentrations. The mechanisms of these effects are not known nor is it known to what extent they are due to changes in thyroid function. 

Phenytoin increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (118), and may also increase total cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations (SED-13,143) (119). In a 5-year prospective study with carbamazepine, there was a persistent rise in total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, whereas triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increased only transiently (120). In a more recent study, total cholesterol fell when 12 patients were switched from carbamazepine to oxcarbazepine, but HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were unchanged (121). In a comparison of 101 epileptic patients with matched controls, valproate was associated with lower total and LDL cholesterol, whereas carbamazepine was associated with higher HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A concentrations and phenobarbital with higher concentrations of total and HDL cholesterol and apolipoproteins A and B. The ratio of total to HDL cholesterol was reduced with valproate and carbamazepine but not with phenobarbital (122). 

In a retrospective analysis of 36 patients who switched from stavudine to tenofovir while HIV RNA was below 20 copies/ ml for more than 6 months, two switched because of peripheral neuropathy and 34 because of lipoatrophy the median duration of observation was 36 weeks (158). There was a significant fall in cholesterol concentrations from 5.5 mmol/1 to 5.0 mmol/1 at week 4, and 4.7 mmol/1 at week 36. There was also a non-significant trend toward a fall in triglyceride concentrations. 

Lipid abnormalities are a major adverse effect of HIV protease inhibitors (160). In a 48-week comparison with nelfinavir, atazanavir did not significantly increase total cholesterol, fasting LDL cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations (+6.8%, -7.1%, +1.5% respectively), while the respective concentrations rose by 28%, 31%, and 42% in those who took nelfinavir. The incidence of grade 1—4 lipodystrophy was infrequent in both groups, but this endpoint was poorly defined in this study. 

Interferon alfa often affects lipid metabolism and produces a reversible reduction in cholesterol and, more consistently, increases in triglyceride concentrations (SEDA-20, 328 SEDA-21, 371). Meticulous blood lipid investigation showed a significant rise in serum triglyceride and lipoprotein ) concentrations and reductions in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apoprotein Al. 

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