Dietary standards

Standards based on this approach, and derived feed formulas, are shown in the following tables. Producers using modem hybrids instead of traditional genotypes are advised instead to use the NRC (1994) values or the values suggested by the breeding company as the basis for dietary standards. 

Greger JL. Dietary standards for manganese overlap between nutritional and toxicological studies. J Nutr 1998 128(Suppl 2) S368-71. 

RNI. 1983. Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Canadians. Committee for the Revisions of the Dietary Standard for Canada. Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate. Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 

The youthfulness of the area lends itself to a spirit of innovation and social awareness. Veganism is in full blossom here, and the majority of eateries can cater to strict dietary standards. In fact, vegetarianism is almost passe. Young animal rights activists look at ovo-lacto vegetarianism as an unenlightened throwback to their parents generation. 

More than 100 years ago, W. O. Atwater, the first director of the U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA) Office of Experiment Stations, is believed to be the first person to use the scientific process to develop dietary guidance to improve health (Welsh et al., 1993). His food composition tables and dietary standards for the U.S. population were first published in 1894 (Atwater, 1894). He coordinated research on nutrient requirements, food composition, food consumption, and consumer economics that led to a... 

Levander OA (2001) Evolution of human dietary standards for selenium. In Hatfield DL, ed. Selenium Its molecular biology and role in human health, pp. 299-311. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston-Dordrecht-London. 

The Advisory Committee to Revise the Canadian Dietary Standard (1983) offers the following description of the meaning of requirement ... 

In the portrayals presented in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2A, a normal or Gaussian distribution is described. This is a convenient, but not necessary, assumption. In the case of iron requirements of menstruating women, the distribution of iron losses in the menses approximates a log-normal distribution (Advisory Committee to Revise the Canadian Dietary Standard,... 

Recent reports have been explicit in stating that estimates of nutrient requirements refer to intakes over moderate periods of time rather than to intake on a particular day (Advisory Committee to Revise the Canadian Dietary Standard, 1983 Food and Nutrition Board Committee on Dietary Allowance, 1980 FAO/WHO/UNU, 1984). Typical of this petition is the following extract from the FAO/WHO/UNU report on energy and protein requirements ... 

There is renewed interest in the use of nutrient-energy ratios as a measure of diet quality (Beaton and Swiss, 1974 Wretlind, 1970, 1982). The Nordic countries have established dietary standards based upon such ratios (The National Food Administration, 1981). If one has reliable information about the usual nutrient intake of an individual, or a descriptor of a proposed dietary formulation, it is a relatively simple matter to calculate the concentration of nutrients/1000 kilocalories. It is a much more complex matter to establish criteria of adequacy applicable to such a ratio. 

Advisory Committee to Revise the Canadian Dietary Standard (1983), with the same assumptions about requirement variance. As in the Canadian report, the CV for the requirement was taken as 15 percent. One further assumption is necessary the correlation between nutrient and energy requirements across individuals within a class. Beaton and Swiss (1974) examined this assumption for protein and concluded that in all age groups, except early infancy and perhaps pregnancy and lactation, the correlation was likely to be very low (a maximum of 0.2). Table VI assumes a correlation of zero. 

Anderson et al. (1982) applied this approach to a population of children using the requirement estimates of the 1975 Canadian report (Committee for Revision of the Canadian Dietary Standard, 1975). The results are portrayed in Table VII. For comparison, the table presents also two other approaches to the interpretation of dietary intake data that are found in the literature. One is a comparison of the group mean intake to the recommended intake (this assumes that the RDNI applies to groups, not individuals). The other portrays the number of individuals with intakes below the recommended level (this assumes that the recommended intake describes the requirement of all individuals). In this perspective, the probability approach seems more logical and certainly more realistic than the other contrasting approaches. 

RDNI = Recommended Daily Nutrient Intake Dietary Standard Canada 1975... 

Committee for Revision of the Canadian Dietary Standard, 1975, Dietary Standard for Canada, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa. 

Walsh, M. C., L. Bretman, J. P. Malthouse, H. M. Roche and M. J. Gibney (2006). Effect of acute dietary standardization on the urinary, plasma, and salivary metabolomic profiles of healthy hmmins. Am J Clin Nutr 84(3) 531-9. 

The minimal amount of ascorbic acid which will prevent scurvy in infants or adults is approximately 10 mg. daily. There is disagreement as to the amount of ascorbic acid which should be included in the diet for the maintenance of good nutrition. The recommended daily allowance in the dietary standard of the United States (Table 1) is 30 mg. for infants, 70 to 75 mg. for adults, 100 mg. during pregnancy, and 150 mg. during lacta-... 

One thesis of the present review has already been advanced (Pett et al., 1945), that all dietary standards to date result from critical situations in which scientists were required to consider the rather inadequate data and to state how much food or its constituents must be ingested to achieve a desired result. Thus such statements tend to be colored by the problem itself and by the purpose of the standard which is really the manner chosen to deal with the problem. 

In a useful review of dietary standards, Leitch (1942) ascribes to a certain Dr. E. Smith in England the first statement of dietary requirements. The critical situation was a cotton famine and widespread unemployment among English cotton workers. The purpose of the resulting standard was to avert starvation diseases, and the figures were in terms of carbon and nitrogen. 

In 1935 and 1936 a statement of requirements (Health Committee, League of Nations, 1936) took a more restricted view than Stiebeling of the scientific knowledge available. The same lack of information was emphasized in the Canadian Dietary Standard (1940). 

A similarly detailed table of requirements has been issued in Canada (1950, 1953) but with figures somewhat lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowances, because adherence to experimental data on requirements was attempted. This Canadian Dietary Standard is the first one to be based wherever possible on body size or weight as the chief cause of variation in requirements from one individual to another. 

The use intended for a dietary standard has always influenced the choice of figures. As stated above, the 1953 Canadian Standard aimed to... 

Nutrition as a part of public health is concerned with populations or groups of people, as well as with the individuals in the group. Characteristics of populations can be described in ways different from those used for individuals. Therefore dietary standards of any kind must be related to populations as well as to individuals. In the first place, they should be based on figures obtained from representative samples of a suitable size from populations of the type to which they are to be applied. Too often dietary requirements arise from data on a few individuals peculiar in... 

If these distributions were available for each nutrient, a useful basis would be at our disposal on which dietary standards could be set up for any purpose whatever. 

In this section on purposes of dietary standards it has been emphasized that in spite of a lack of data on which to base such tables it has been necessary at times for scientists to state the quantities of calories, proteins, minerals, and vitamins that are believed to be needed by human beings. Since every person has his or her own characteristic requirement, depending on body size, sex, age, activity, current state of health, and adaptability to stress, such requirements are more accurately represented by a curve than by a single figure, so as to indicate the number of people in a population at each level of requirement. The use of such curves would provide a basis for expressing requirements that would help to avoid some of the misuses common at present, because there would be statistical ways of predicting the probable requirement of an individual from the averages and other characteristics of the curves. 

Thiamine requirements must be related in any logical standard to the calorie requirements, but there is no general agreement on how much thiamine is needed per 1000 calories. Experimental evidence has given values ranging from a low of 0.13 mg. per 1000 calories (Holt, 1944) up to 0.44 mg. per 1000 calories (Alexander et al., 1946). The Canadian Dietary Standard uses 0.33 to 0.35 mg. per 1000 calories, and the U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances uses 0.5 mg. per 1000 calories. 

Canadian Dietary Standard. 1940. National Health Review, January, 1940. Canadian Dietary Standard. 1950. Can. Bull. Nutrition 2, 1-34. 

Dietary Standards. — Among the most important of the modem dietaries are those drawn up by StiebUng and Ward for the United States Department of Agriculture, in 1933, and the British nutritional standards prepared by the Ministry of Health in 1934, which conform with the Stiebling scale. 

Reducing the level of dietary crude protein (CP) is an effective means to reduce nitrogen excretion but requires reliable information about the pigs requirements for potentially limiting amino acids (AA). Isoleucine (lie) may be limiting in low CP pig diets that are supplemented with lysine (Lys), threonine, methionine and tryptophan (Liu et al., 1999). The objective of this study was to estimate the optimum dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Ile Lys ratio in 25- to 40-kg pigs that were fed wheat-barley based diets. 

In accordance to newly published data, the optimum dietary standardized ileal digeshble vahne to lysine ratio should range from 0.67 to 0.70 or from 0.70 to 0.73 (gross). A study of the AA contents... 

Vatassary GT, Smith WE, Quach HT. Ascorbic acid, glutathione and synthetic antioxidants prevent the oxidation of vitamin E in platelets. Lipids 1989 24 1043 1047. Jacobson HN. Dietary standards and future developments. Free Radical Biol. Med. 1987 3 209-213. 

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