Lipid-lowering effects

Blood glucose and serum lipid lowering effects in humans with diabetes (McPeak et al., 2001 Rukmini et al., 2002 Qureshi et al., 2002). 

Other papers in the Symposium deal with the antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects of IP6, its chelating effects in heavy metal toxicity, inhibition of renal stones and other beneficial effects such as inhibition of platelet aggregation, inhibition of inflammatory responses (Shamsuddin, 1998). The lipid lowering effect and anti-neoplastic effect of 1P6 were extensively reviewed (Jariwalla, 1999). Hence, 1P6 is a valuable component of rice bran in preventing disease and maintaining health. 1P6 is present at 1.8-2% in rice bran. 

Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, interrupting the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, the rate-limiting step in de novo cholesterol biosynthesis. Reduced synthesis of LDL and enhanced catabohsm of LDL mediated through LDL-Rs appear to be the principal mechanisms for lipid-lowering effects. 

A greater effect is apparent in postmenopausal women compared with men. The protein component seems to play a crucial role in the cardio-protective effect of soy. When soy-extracted phytoestrogens are added to animal-derived protein (casein), no effects on lipids are observed (Greaves et al., 1999). It is therefore clear that both the proteins from soy and the phytoestrogens need to be present to have a beneficial effect on lipid. In the presence of soy protein, the lipid-lowering effect is dose dependent on the phytoestrogen present (Crouse et al., 1999). 

FAO42 Ah A wadi, F., and M. Shoukry. The lipid lowering effect of an anti-diabetic plant extract. Acta Diabetol 1988 ... 

It was demonstrated previously that allicin extracted from garlic had a lipid-lowering effect on long-term feeding to healthy rats. These studies reported a significant decrease in total serum lipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol in the animals fed allicin compared to control animals. 

Krause, B. R., Sliskovic, D. R., Anderson, M., and Homan, R. (1998) Lipid-lowering effects ofWAY-121,898, an inhibitor of pancreatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase. Lipids 33, 489-498. 

Other drugs that have an impact on serum lipids have also been examined. Probucol pretreatment has been shown to lower the rate of restenosis after balloon angioplasty in clinical trials (88,89). Although its lipid-lowering effect is due to an increase in the fractional catabolic rate of LDL cholesterol (90), its antirestenotic effect is believed to be related to other properties, including inhibition of LDL oxidation, promotion of endothelial regeneration, and anti-inflammatory effects (91). However, probucol is not widely available due to its ability to lower HDL-cholesterol and concerns relating to proarrhythmia. 

Landmesser U, Bahlmann R Mueller M, et al, Simvastatin versus ezetimibe pleiotropic and lipid-lowering effects on endothelial function in humans. Circulation 2005 III 2356-2363. 

Clinical efficacy of anti-inflammatory properties has been shown in several trials independent of their lipid-lowering effects (18,19). Statins reduce CRP levels and it is known that elevated CRP levels are associated with restenosis. Counter intuitively, however, several trials tested statins for restenosis prevention and were disappointing (20-23). The only trial that showed reduction in restenosis was the REGRESS trial (24), which used pravastatin 40 mg once daily for a period of two years. In this study, the binary restenosis assessed at two... 

Augusti, K.T. and Mathew, P.T. 1974. Lipid lowering effect of allicin (di allyl disulphide oxide) on long term feeding in normal rats. Experientia 30, 468-470. 

Vinuthan, M.K., Girish Kumara, V., Narayanaswamya, M. and Veena, T. (2007) Lipid lowering effect of aqueous leaves extract of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) on alloxan-induced male diabetic rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine 3(10), 112-115. 

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acid that is abundant in fish oil and is a precursor of several eicosanoids. DHA has a lipid-lowering effect through the suppression of lipogenic gene expression in the liver of rodents (Ikeda et al., 1998 Park and Harris, 2003 Buckley et al., 2004). In this paper, we introduce the evaluation of the physiological function of DHA in diet-induced lipodystrophy model mice. 

STATINS ANION EXCHANGE RESINS Anion-binding resins i the absorption of statins, but the overall lipid-lowering effect is not altered Anion-binding resins bind statins in the intestine Giving the statin 1 hour before or 3-6 hours after the anion exchange resin should minimize this effect... 

St John s wort 1. Atorvastatin 2. Simvastatin 3. Lovastatin 1 blood levels and lipid-lowering effect Induction of metabolizing CYP3A4 enzymes, which metabolize simvastatin Avoid concomitant use if possible. Monitor response to simvastatin closely. Avoid sudden changes of the herb dosage... 

Cholestyramine can significantly lower absorption of nutrients Long-term use of cholestyramine may increase risk of osteoporosis If taken on an empty stomach lipid-lowering effect may be minimized... 

In patients taking fenofibrate and atorvastatin, increased concentrations of plasma homocysteine were attributed to an action of the fibrates themselves and not indirectly via their lipid-lowering effect (8). Concomitant administration of folic acid, at least in part, offset this adverse effect... 

Clinical studies indicate a lipid-lowering effect of biguanides (metformin), particularly in patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia type IV (Gustafson et al., 1971 Descovich et al., 1978). A slight reduction in total serum cholesterol was also noted in non-diabetic hyperlipidaemia by Aro et al. (1985). In a double-blind cross-over study of 9 weeks duration with 1 or 2g metformin, cholesterol was reduced from 328 mg per 100 ml to 313 mg per 100 ml... 

In conclusion, fibrates exert their lipid-lowering effects through activation of a broad range of lipid metabolism pathways. Some of these could be selectively targeted by future drugs. 

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