Paper surface, additives

Applied to ink jet papers, a hydrophilic/hydrophobic raster on the paper surface results in a highly accurate fixation of the dye right to the spot at the paper surface. Whereas the hydrophilic areas allow a fast dewatering of the printing ink, mostly to the interior of the paper sheet, the hydrophobic points prevent a spreading parallel to the paper surface. Additional modification of the starch/polymer film by cationic groups results in an additional fixation of the anionic dyes by ionic interaction. Thereby, color density and outline sharpness can be further improved. 

The pulp and paper additives enter the process first through a dump chest in their concentrated form. Adjustments are then made to the concentration in the stock chest just prior to transfer onto the Fourdrinier wire where the paper sheet is produced. Surface additives are sprayed after sheet formation and the final sheet is dried at high temperatures in dryers. The water from the wire is removed into underground tanks and in most cases, recirculated and reused. 

The forces at the surface of a solid will depend on the number of atoms per unit area in the surface layer, on the arrangement of the atoms with respect to each other in the surface layer, and on the number and arrangement of atoms in at least two layers below the surface. The term arrangement includes both the distance between the atoms and the directional orientation of the position of one atom with respect to that of another. Also, the number of steps and kinks in a surface is determined by its crystallographic orientation. All these structural factors are included in the use of the term crystal face, and this term will be generally used in this sense in this paper. In addition, other factors, such as edges between faces and imperfections of various kinds, must also be taken into account in considering the activity of a surface. 

Corn starch for use in an enzymic conversion process should not contain more than 0.4% protein. In some cases modified starches, such as starch ethers, are used as feedstock. Higher product cost is balanced by the substantial reduction of retrograda-tion in products thus obtained. The feedstock has to be buffered in order to reach the required pH level for optimum enzyme activity in the process water of the paper mill. Additional adjustments may be required at the mill site when filtered surface water, which varies with the seasons, is used. Calcium salts for improved heat stability of the enzyme are added by the starch supplier or the paper mill. Further addition of sodium chloride will promote enzyme activity, and urea will broaden the critical pH range. Starch preservatives have to be added after the enzyme has been inactivated. 

A composition of starch, protein, and water constitutes a patented floccu-lant.1031 Coated paper, suitable for printing, may be prepared by coating it with a starch-soybean protein complex generated in situ on the paper surface.1032 Starch-protein complexes are also patented as additives that increase baking capacity.1033 1037... 

Our previous study, on the other hand, has shown that cell bodies of this microalga are of use as the partial substitute of a wood pulp paper [1], In the present study, whole kenaf pulp paper including algae obtained by the above cultivation was made and its properties were examined. It was indicated that they also could be used as an agent for surface improvement of kenaf pulp paper in addition to a partial substitute for the pulp as in the case of a paper made from wood pulp. 

In Trettin and Doshl (1980b), a plot of 0.15M saline BSA solution data (pH 7.4) was presented showing that above 6.89 x 10 N/m applied pressure, a gel layer may have formed upon the membrane surface. This graph has been reproduced in Fig. 4 of this paper with additional data taken at 2.76 x 10 N/m and 4.14 X 10 N/m. At cell pressures of 6.89 x 10 N/m or greater, the presence of gel polarization (pressure independence) is indicated... 

It is clearly evident that numerous mineralogies are utilised for paper filling applications however, these minerals are all classified in much the same way. Particle size and size distribution, pigment brightness, refractive index, particle shape, and specific surface area are quantifiable characteristics that can be used to predict how the pigment will perform in various paper applications. To a lesser degree, particle charge, or zeta potential, plays a role in how the filler interacts with various paper chemical additives and influences the manner in which the mineral is retained in the paper web. 

This approach was taken by Yalkowsaki and co-workers (Amidon et al. 1974,1975 Valvani et al. 1976) also for molecular-sized solutes. The surface area of the cavity was calculated in their earlier papers on addition of an annular layer of thickness 0.15 nm (about the radius of a water molecule) to the actual van der Waals surface of the solute molecule, in order to represent the exclusion region of the solvent around the solute and obtain Asas- Corrections have to be applied for the mutual surface tension of the solute and water, yws, using this quantity rather than (yw — ys ), and for the curvature of the cavity (since the surface tension is measured for flat surfaces of infinite radius of curvature). This approach was applied successfully to various kinds of mono-functional aUphatic solutes. 

Hot-meltS/ radiation-curable adhesives, and epoxies can all be applied to a substrate in film or sheet form. The substrate can be metal, plastic, or paper. In addition, the substrate can be woven, nonwoven, or knot. The porous substrates can be used to manufacture filter aids or medical adhesives, e.g., to attach prostheses to the skin. An interesting form of substrate is a foam that joins surfaces of irregular gaps. The foam can also be formed instantaneously during curing to fill gaps. 

Because the high voltages required for ESI and plasma-APCI are independently applied and controlled, the dual ion source can be operated in ESl-only, APCI-only, or ESI + APCI modes to characterize polar, nonpolar, or both polar and nonpolar compounds, respectively. Laser systems, inclnding a CW laser and a pulsed laser, have been combined with the dual-ion sonrce to characterize chemical compounds on surfaces, where the desorbed analytes are introduced into the ESI and/or APCI plumes for postionization. In addition, analytes on sample snrfaces can also be directly desorbed and ionized by directing the ESI -H APCI plume toward the sampling area, an approach also known as desorption ESI -t APCI [47]. Chemical compounds including PAHs, peptides, drugs, diesel oils, and essential oils on stainless-steel and paper surfaces have been characterized by the dual ionization source. 

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