Solution data

Figure A3.6.11. Viscosity dependence of transmission coefficient of the rate of cyclohexane chair-boat inversion in liquid solution (data from [100]).

Single-Effect Evaporators The heat requirements of a singleeffect continuous evaporator can be calculated by the usual methods of stoichiometry. If enthalpy data or specific heat and heat-of-solution data are not available, the heat requirement can be estimated as the sum of the heat needed to raise the feed from feed to product temperature and the heat required to evaporate the water. The latent heat of water is taken at the vapor-head pressure instead of at the product temperature in order to compensate partiaUv for any heat of solution. If sufficient vapor-pressure data are available for the solution, methods are available to calculate the true latent heat from the slope of the Diihriugliue [Othmer, Ind. Eng. Chem., 32, 841 (1940)]. 

FIG. 23-27 CO, in potassium carbonate solutions (<2) equilibrium in 20% solution, (h) mass-transfer coefficients in 40% solutions. (Data cited hy Kohl and Riesenfeld, Gas Purification, Gulf Fuhlishing, 1985.)... 

Work under this classification (76AHCS1, p. 31) continues to be sparse. Heat-of-solution data provide a useful method for estimating A// for tautomeric processes in nonaqueous solvents, as was illustrated in the case of 2-pyridone 15a/2-hydroxypyridine 15b equilibrium (76TL2685). Heats of dehydration of 4-hydroxypyrazolines into pyrazoles and 5-hydroxyisoxazolines... 

R.K. Freier Aqueous solutions data for inorganic and organic components, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin - New York, 1976. 

There are several techniques now at our disposal for obtaining this fundamental biophysical information about solutions of polysaccharides (Table 1 [2-7]), but as is well known these substances are by no means easy to characterise. These difficulties arise from their highly expanded nature in solution, their polydispersity, (not only with respect to their molecular weight but also for many with respect to composition), the large variety of conformation and in many cases their high charge and in some their ability to stick together [1,8]. All of these features can complicate considerably the interpretation of solution data. 

Molecular mechanics force fields have largely been parameterised using the best available data from the gas phase and (in some cases) from liquid phase or solution data. The question therefore arises as to how applicable molecular mechanics force fields are to predicting structures of molecules in the liquid crystal phase. There is now good evidence from NMR measurements that the structure of liquid crystal molecules change depending on the nature of their... 

SOLUTION. Data for A °/ 298 and AG / 29s for all components of the reaction mixture can be found in handbooks of chemistry and physics. The data set for the above reaction, shown in Table 5.4-2, was taken from Lange s Handbook of Chemistry (Dean, 1992). 

Fig. 4.2.8 Shear viscosity versus shear rate data for a 0.6% by weight aqueous carboxymethylcellulose solution. Data from MRI were obtained from one combined measurement of a velocity profile and a pressure drop, (a) Cone and plate ( ) MRI.

Figure 15 The sorption of acetaminophen from a solution of limited volume by 10 X 4 poly (A-isopropylacry lam idc) gel, illustrating the use of Eqs. (34) and (35) to determine the diffusion coefficient of the solute. (Data from Ref. 174.)... 

Fig. 14.6 (a) Concentration of hydrogen peroxide formed after 30 min sonication as a function of dissolved gas concentration for helium and argon saturated NaN03 and NaC104 solutions (data adapted from reference [41])... 

In order to be truly useful, it must be possible to compute polymer chain information, namely average mean squared end-to-end distances. These can be directly compared to polymer solution data if available and also provide information on bulk properties. 

Fig. 1 (a) Comparison of measured values of for two P-phospholyl-NHPs at different temperatures in solution (data denoted as squares or diamonds, respectively solid lines represent fits of the temperature dependent variation) with values measured in the solid state (dashed horizontal lines). (b) Explanation of the observed variation in solution as a consequence of a dynamic equilibrium between trans- and gauche-rotamers. (Data from [45])... 

SPring-8 (Hyogo, Japan) has set up a solution data base ... 

The two-photon state as determined by the fit to the yellow-solution data has =30 500 cm l. The effect of the one-photon resonance enhancement on yt can be seen if we consider the form of the solid curves in Fig. 9 under conditions that no one-photon resonance is present. In this case, y t would be a dispersive type curve with inversion symmetry around the y t O point at 30 500 cm-l and y"t would be an absorptive like curve centered at 30 500 cm l. The large increase in the magnitudes of y t an Y t on the high-energy side of the spectrum is therefore attributed to one-photon resonance. The peak expected for y"t at 30 500 cm l is barely discernible as a broad shoulder, since it is almost completely obscured by the one-photon resonance. 

Fig. 20 Log EM for interaction of end-groups on polymer chains with average polymerisation degree 3c (i) pyridine-catalysed hydrolysis of the p-nitrophenyl ester group of [27] ( ) and [28] ( ) in aqueous solution (data from Sisido et at., 1976, 1978), (f i) intramolecular charge-transfer complexes of [29] in chloroform ( ) and in ethanol (O). (Data from Sisido et at., 1977 Takagi et at., 1977)...

Figure 9.3 Current-potential curves for chloride evolution on platinum from aqueous solutions data taken from Ref. 4.

Figure 12.6 Tafel plots for the exchange of the acetylcholine ion between an aqueous solution and 1,2-DCE the branch on the right-hand side corresponds to transfer from the aqueous to the organic solution. Data taken from Ref. 3.

Figure 27. Relationship between water-hexadecane partition coefficients and membrane permeabilities for a broad selection of solutes. (Data collected by Walter and Gutknecht [124]. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society)...

The morphology of weathered feldspar surfaces, and the nature of the clay products, contradicts the protective-surface-layer hypothesis. The presence of etch pits implies a surface-controlled reaction, rather than a diffusion (transport) controlled reaction. Furthermore, the clay coating could not be "protective" in the sense of limiting diffusion. Finally, Holdren and Berner (11) demonstrated that so-called "parabolic kinetics" of feldspar dissolution were largely due to enhanced dissolution of fine particles. None of these findings, however, addressed the question of the apparent non-stoichiometric release of alkalis, alkaline earths, silica, and aluminum. This question has been approached both directly (e.g., XPS) and indirectly (e.g., material balance from solution data). 

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